“…The disadvantages of these methods lie in the time-consuming pre-treatment of samples, the high requirements for operator's skills, and the expense of purchasing and maintaining the instruments, making them unsuitable for on-site detection and screening of a large number of samples. Additionally, there are several other rapid detection methods available such as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) 23 and spectrophotometric methods. [24][25][26] However, these methods have limitations including susceptibility to interference from various factors and poor repeatability, preventing their suitability for rapid and accurate detection in eld inspection.…”