Determination of appropriate service quality attributes for household toilets in rural settlements of India based on user perception

Rashid, Mohammad Rifat Ahmmad; Pandit, Debapratim

doi:10.1007/s10668-016-9807-6

Cited by 23 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…Meanwhile, 673 million people around the world continue to practice open defecation ( UNICEF and WHO, 2019 ). The poor sanitation infrastructure in rural settlements contribute to the unsafe disposal of feces and urine resources, especially in developing countries ( Rashid and Pandit, 2017 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, rural people are exposed to a significantly higher risk of suffering from diseases owing to the poor sanitation infrastructure in their areas compared with their urban counterparts ( Snehalatha and Anitha, 2012 ). Improving sanitation in rural areas has been highlighted as a global objective ( Murungi and Dijk, 2014 ), and many countries, in response, have implemented a series of policies and plans to increase the number of sanitary toilets and improve their rural sanitation infrastructure to eliminate the random discharge of rural fecal sludge (FS) ( Penn et al, 2018 ; Rashid and Pandit, 2017 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using system dynamics to assess the complexity of rural toilet retrofitting: Case study in eastern China

Cheng

et al. 2021

Journal of Environmental Management

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Rural toilet retrofitting (RTR) is a complex, dynamic system that is affected by many factors and the positive/negative feedback relationships between subsystems and variables. Traditional technologies and management methods face challenges in fundamentally describing and solving problems in RTR. To bridge this gap, this study utilizes system dynamics and causal loop diagrams to explain such problems based on data collected from the stakeholders of the RTR in Jiaozhou from 2018 to 2019. Specifically, this study examines the RTR system from the perspectives of household users, wastewater treatment plants, local governments, grassroots promoters, operation and maintenance personnel, toilet supplier and construction teams, and fecal sludge end users. The factors and processes involved in RTR are identified, and the feedback and relationships among its major stakeholders are established. Results show that the motivation of farmers to engage in RTR is a key variable that affects their final decisions regarding retrofitting and maintaining toilet functions. Meanwhile, the important variables related to the feedback and relationships among the major stakeholders of RTR are mostly focused on policies, subsidies, technology, satisfaction, and cooperation. A scientific analysis method and the updated RTR plan for toilet revolution are then formulated to promote the implementation of RTR in developing countries.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using system dynamics to assess the complexity of rural toilet retrofitting: Case study in eastern China

Cheng

et al. 2021

Journal of Environmental Management

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“…They are more likely to adopt and sustain them. A community-driven approach to public policy will increase its effectiveness by ensuring that it is tailored to local needs and circumstances (Rashid and Pandit 2017;Davis, Javernick-Will, and Cook 2019). Therefore, community participation is a critical component of any successful sanitation program.…”

Section: Conclusion and Policy Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Can Public Expenditure Improve Households’ Sanitation Behavior? Experience of the Swachh Bharat Mission in the Indian States

Nair¹,

Mishra²,

Rahut³

2023

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The social impact of sanitation is multifaceted. It has repercussions for health, education, and the local environment, as well as overall human development and economic growth. Unsafe sanitation poses environmental and health risks. In light of the health hazards, the Government of India has introduced the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) to improve sanitation conditions. This paper investigates how the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), as a public-funded initiative of the Government of India, can improve the sanitation environment in different states. The paper also explores whether the SBM has been successful as a catalyst in improving the sanitation infrastructure and ensuring its long-term sustainability.The paper employs state-level data from various secondary data sources from 2014-15 to 2018-19. The changes are also explored further using data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) (4th and 5th rounds) of the Government of India. The data were analyzed by estimating panel econometric models, and related diagnostic tests were carried out. In addition, descriptive analysis was also performed.The results show that household latrine coverage has improved considerably with the initiation of the SBM in India. In addition, a higher literacy rate, a sex ratio favoring women in the family, more significant government expenditure on sanitation and water, and more per capita income result in an improved hygienic environment.As a public-funded initiative, the SBM seems to have played the role of an important catalyst in making people aware of sanitation and creating a conducive environment by constructing latrines. One may expect such changes to encourage private expenditure on sanitation and lead to the establishment of a sustainable sanitation environment in the country. Community participation is also necessary in this regard to alter and improve sanitation and hygiene behavior.

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“…Cleanliness, privacy, lockable doors, availability of water (for flushing and self-cleaning), and proper construction have been identified as important indicators of quality by users of both private and shared toilets. 14 , 28 , 29 One study showed that accessing water for flushing and self-cleaning is difficult even when households own private toilets. 30 Users of household toilets built by the government in rural Bihar, India, cited poor quality as a deterrent to consistent use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association between Anthropometric Failure and Toilet Types: A Cross-Sectional Study from India

Jain

Pitchik

Harrison

et al. 2023

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Sustainable Development Goal 6.2 aims to end open defecation by 2030 by ensuring universal access to private household toilets. However, private toilets might not be feasible for poor households. As a result, policy makers and academics have suggested well-managed shared sanitation facilities as an alternative solution. Less is known about the associations between shared sanitation use and health. Using data from the fifth round of the National Family Health Survey from 2019 to 2021, we estimated the association between usual defecation location and child anthropometry outcomes among children under 2 years in India. The primary exposure was usual defecation location at the household level. We compared both shared improved toilet use and open defecation to private, improved toilet use. We used linear regression to estimate the associations between the exposures and linear outcomes: height-for-age Z-score, weight-for-height Z-score, and weight-for-age Z-score. We used Poisson regression with a log link to estimate the prevalence ratios of stunting, wasting, and underweight. After controlling for environmental, maternal, socioeconomic, and child confounders, we found no differences in six child anthropometry outcomes when comparing shared toilet use or open defecation to private toilet use. This finding was consistent across both urban and rural households. Our findings confirm the null associations between private toilet use and child growth found in previous studies, and that this association does not vary if the toilet is being shared. Future research should examine these differences between private and shared toilets in the context of other health outcomes.

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Determination of appropriate service quality attributes for household toilets in rural settlements of India based on user perception

Cited by 23 publications

References 70 publications

Using system dynamics to assess the complexity of rural toilet retrofitting: Case study in eastern China

Using system dynamics to assess the complexity of rural toilet retrofitting: Case study in eastern China

How Can Public Expenditure Improve Households’ Sanitation Behavior? Experience of the Swachh Bharat Mission in the Indian States

The Association between Anthropometric Failure and Toilet Types: A Cross-Sectional Study from India

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