Determination of Ascensional Difference in Lagnaprakarana

Abstract

The ascensional difference or the cara is a fundamental astronomical concept that is crucial in determining the durations of day and night, which are a function of the observer's latitude and the time of the year. Due to its importance, almost all astronomical texts prescribe a certain procedure for the determination of this element. The text Lagnaprakaraṇa-a hitherto unpublished manuscript attributed to Mādhava, the founder of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics-however discusses not one, but a number of techniques for the determination of the cara that are both interesting and innovative. The present paper aims to discuss these techniques.

Systematic literature review on Parkinson's disease and Childhood Leukaemia and mode of actions for pesticides

“…For example, HL60 cells exposed to 20 µM of catechol for 2 h, 10 µM of HQ or 10-50 µM of 1,2,4-BT for 1 h exhibited increased formation of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OhdG), a marker of oxidative DNA damage Oikawa et al, 2001;Zhang et al, 1993). At the same time, the lack of oxidative DNA damage induced by catechol in HL60 cells has also been reported in one study although the dose and exposure (100 µM for 1 h) were different (Kolachana et al, 1993). Also, DNA double-strand breaks as detected by the formation of phosphorylated histone H2AX (γ-H2AX) driven by oxidative stress triggered by HQ and 1,4-BQ has been reported .…”

“…Then it is followed by oxidative stress as an early key event associated with benzene and its metabolites (Badham & Winn, 2010a;Goldman et al, 1999;Ishihama et al, 2008;Kolachana et al, 1993;Li & Trush, 1993;Nishikawa et al, 2012;Oikawa et al, 2001;Ruiz-Ramos et al, 2005;Shen et al, 1996;Wan & Winn, 2007;Wiemels & Smith, 1999;Zhang et al, 1993). The metabolites most involved in the benzeneinduced oxidative stress are HQ (Badham & Winn, 2010a;Ishihama et al, 2008;Kolachana et al, 1993;Li & Trush, 1993;Wiemels & Smith, 1999), 1,4-BQ Ruiz-Ramos et al, Supporting publications 2016: EN-955 130 The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as authors. This task has been carried out exclusively by the authors in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the authors, awarded following a tender procedure.…”

“…reduced numbers of bone marrow cells, erythrocytes and lymphocytes) have been reported in 4 in vivo benzene studies Farris et al, 1997;Niculescu & Kalf, 1995;Robinson et al, 1997). Lastly, oxidative stress such as ROS generation (Badham & Winn, 2010b;Kolachana et al, 1993), nitrosative stress such as nitric oxide generation (Chen et al, 2005b;Laskin et al, 1995;Punjabi et al, 1994) have been mentioned to contribute to the benzene-mediated haematotoxicity.…”

“…DNA damage, formation of DNA adducts, chromosomal aberrations such as aneuploidy, increased formation of micronuclei and sister chromatid exchanges) of benzene and its metabolites (namely HQ, 1,4-BQ, 1,2,4-BT and catechol) is the most reported key event observed in the identified in vitro studies Bodell et al, 1996;Chung et al, 2002;Gaskell et al, 2005;Gurbani et al, 2012;Hedli et al, 1996;Ishihama et al, 2008;Levay & Bodell, 1992;Levay et al, 1993;Lindsey et al, 2005;Lindsey et al, 2004;Oikawa et al, 2001;Pandey et al, 2009;Pasquini et al, 2003;Robertson et al, 1991;Silva et al, 2004;Thys et al, 2015;Winn, 2003;Zhang et al, 1993;Zhang et al, 1994;Zhang et al, 1998). Then it is followed by oxidative stress as an early key event associated with benzene and its metabolites (Badham & Winn, 2010a;Goldman et al, 1999;Ishihama et al, 2008;Kolachana et al, 1993;Li & Trush, 1993;Nishikawa et al, 2012;Oikawa et al, 2001;Ruiz-Ramos et al, 2005;Shen et al, 1996;Wan & Winn, 2007;Wiemels & Smith, 1999;Zhang et al, 1993). The metabolites most involved in the benzeneinduced oxidative stress are HQ (Badham & Winn, 2010a;Ishihama et al, 2008;Kolachana et al, 1993;…”

Precise Determination of the Ascendant in the Lagnaprakaraṇa – I

“…As the arcs = = 90, 8 one can conclude that is the pole of the great circle arc . 9 Therefore, we have = 90, which is the relation stated in (2). It may be noted that since the kālalagna is the same for all observers on a given longitude, 10 the rāśikūṭalagna and the madhyalagna are the same too for these observers.…”