Determination of Atorvastatin with Voltammetric Sensors Based on Nanomaterials

Abstract

This paper presents an accurate and fast electrochemical method for atorvastatin determination in pharmaceutical products. Two screen-printed sensors, one—carbon based (SPCE) and one based on carbon nanotubes and gold nanoparticles (AuNP-CNT/SPCE) were used during the electrochemical analyses. At all experimental stages, cyclic voltammetry was employed, both for the characterization of the sensors and their electrochemical behavior, and for quantitative determinations. AuNP-CNT/SPCE has showed an extended active area, higher intensity peaks, better reversibility and lower background current than the unmodified sensor. For atorvastatin quantification, a calibration curve has been developed within the 1.2–606.25 µM concentration range. A linearity relation between the current of the anodic peak and concentration has been obtained in the range 1.2–53.33 µMfor both sensors. With the AuNP-CNT/SPCE sensor, low values of limit of detection, LOD (1.92 × 10−7 M) and limit of quantification, LOQ (6.39 × 10−7 M) have been obtained, which demonstrates the feasibility of the method of determining atorvastatin from real samples. Atorvastatin amount has been successfully determined from pharmaceutical products using AuNP-CNT/SPCE. The results were similar to the manufacturer’s specifications regarding the dosage per tablet and to the concentrations obtained by applying the FTIR spectrometric method.

A water-stable luminescent Zn-MOF based on a conjugated π-electron ligand as an efficient sensor for atorvastatin and its application in pharmaceutical samples

“…ATV calcium salt extraction and purification from commercial tablets were carried out as described below. 56…”

“…As is shown in Table S3 (ESI †), the LOD of 1 is comparable to other recent electrochemical and chromogenic sensors reported in the literature. 42,44,[56][57][58][59][60]73,74 Next, the anion selectivity of 1 was analyzed. Salts of an extensive series of anions including FLV, PRV, RSV, inorganic oxyanions, organic (di)carboxylates, citrate and ATP ([X] final = 200 mM) were added to a buffered ethanol-water dispersion of 1, and the emission intensity at 440 nm was recorded.…”

“…38,41,50–55 However, many of these methods require considerable setup, analysis time and/or high-cost instruments. While the need for direct, and timely selective sensors for atorvastatin, capable of operating in real samples is evident, so far, a very limited number of systems have been described which are based on carbon nanotubes functionalized with polypyrrole films, 44 Fe 3 O 4 -nanoparticles, 42 Au-nanoparticles, 56 graphene, 57 and zinc oxide 58 or by oxidative coupling reactions with Ce( iv )-complexes. 59…”

“…38,41,[50][51][52][53][54][55] However, many of these methods require considerable setup, analysis time and/or high-cost instruments. While the need for direct, and timely selective sensors for atorvastatin, capable of operating in real samples is evident, so far, a very limited number of systems have been described which are based on carbon nanotubes functionalized with polypyrrole films, 44 Fe 3 O 4 -nanoparticles, 42 Au-nanoparticles, 56 graphene, 57 and zinc oxide 58 or by oxidative coupling reactions with Ce(IV)-complexes. 59 Frequently, these electrochemical nanosensors show limits of detection between 10 À4 and, 10 À9 M, and their sensing mechanisms are based on the electro-oxidation reaction of the pyrrole ring 57,60 or oxidative reaction of aromatic fragments.…”

Sensitive Detection of Hydroxytyrosol in Extra Virgin Olive Oils with a Novel Biosensor Based on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Tyrosinase

“…Alternative methods include electrochemical techniques that provide fast and accurate results [ 40 ]. Electrochemical sensors and biosensors have become increasingly diverse both structurally and in the functionalisation of the nanomaterials used as carriers to make determinations as sensitive, selective and easy as possible, using small amounts of samples without the need for complex pre-preparation [ 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 ]. The literature provides valuable information on sensitive and selective techniques, sensors and biosensors for the determination of oleuropein, tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol from real samples of VOO [ 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 ].…”