Determination of Benzimidazole Fungicides in Soil Samples Using Microwave-Assisted Micellar Extraction and Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection

Abstract

A simple and fast analytical method was developed for the determination of benzimidazole fungicides (benomyl, carbendazim, thiabendazole, and fuberidazole) in soil samples. The analytes were extracted from the soil samples by means of conventional microwave-assisted extraction, using the non-ionic surfactants polyoxyethylene 10 lauryl ether (POLE) and oligoethylene glycol monooalkyl ether (Genapol X-080) as extractants. Determinations were made by using liquid chromatography with direct fluorescence detection. The use of an analytical column Symmetry C-18 offered short retention times of analytes without the need of any pH regulators with mobile phase methanolwater (50 + 50, v/v). The best results were obtained using 5% (v/v) POLE as extractant with recoveries of the fungicides in spiked soil samples between 71 and 105%. The results were compared with those obtained when Soxhlet extraction was applied to the same soil samples.

A simplified ultrasound-assisted cloud-point extraction method coupled with high performance liquid chromatography for residue analysis of benzimidazole anthelmintics in water and milk samples

“…High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV), 6,9,10 fluorescence (FL) detection 11,12 and mass spectrometry (MS) 4,[13][14][15] have been accepted as popular and powerful tools for the analysis of benzimidazoles. Although the MS detector provides more sensitivity and selectivity than the UV for monitoring target compounds in complex samples, it is a very expensive and complex instrument.…”

First Report on Colletotrichum fructicola Causing Anthracnose in Chinese Sorghum and Its Management Using Phytochemicals

“…For instance, benzimidazole fungicides reside in soil; benomyl metabolite carbendazim has reproductive toxicity; and Usman et al found that the long-term use of procymidone and fludioxonil could lead to increased resistance [ 44 ]. Chechi et al found that if these fungicides were not applied scientifically, they could induce resistance in C. fructicola [ 45 , 46 , 47 ]. Natural agents have attracted attention because phytochemicals have advantages that can potentially control plant diseases.…”

Identification of a New Pathogenic fungi Causing Sorghum Leaf Spot Disease and Its Management Using Natural Product and Microorganisms

“…However, the use of chemical fungicides not scientific and rational result residue, resistance, environmental pollution and other problems [ 7 ], Halko et al indicated that benzimidazole fungicides residue in soil, Gabriel et al determined residue levels of seven commonly used pesticides and suggested long-term exposure can still cause health risks. Lim et al studied and reported that the benomyl metabolite carbendazim has reproductive toxicity, Younghae et al found that if applied unscientifically, which can lead to fungicide resistance in F. fujikuroi [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]. In contrast, natural products, such as natural product and antagonistic microbes, have the advantages of low toxicity, cause no pollution, and do not easily lead to pesticide resistance.…”