Determination of benzyl alcohol and its metabolite in plasma by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

Tan, Henry S.I.; Manning, Mary A.; Hahn, Myong‐Joon; Tan, Hetty G.H.; Kotagal, Uma R.

doi:10.1016/0378-4347(91)80348-g

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 11 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The identity of Benzaldehyde can also be confirmed by infrared spectroscopy (National Toxicology Program [NTP] 1990). Highperformance liquid chromatography has also been used to detect Benzaldehyde (Tan et al 1991). High-resolution capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been used to measure Benzaldehyde in municipal wastewater (Nguyen et al 1994).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Benzaldehyde1

2006

Int J Toxicol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Benzaldehyde is an aromatic aldehyde used in cosmetics as a denaturant, a flavoring agent, and as a fragrance. Currently used in only seven cosmetic products, its highest reported concentration of use was 0.5% in perfumes. Benzaldehyde is a generally regarded as safe (GRAS) food additive in the United States and is accepted as a flavoring substance in the European Union. Because Benzaldehyde rapidly metabolizes to Benzoic Acid in the skin, the available dermal irritation and sensitization data demonstrating no adverse reactions to Benzoic Acid were considered supportive of the safety of Benzaldehyde. Benzaldehyde is absorbed through skin and by the lungs, distributes to all well-perfused organs, but does not accumulate in any specific tissue type. After being metabolized to benzoic acid, conjugates are formed with glycine or glucuronic acid, and excreted in the urine. Little acute toxicity was seen. The oral LD(50) of Benzaldehyde in rats and mice ranged from 800 to 2850 mg/kg. The intraperitoneal LD(50) in white rats was 3265 mg/kg. In short-term oral studies, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) was 400 mg/kg in rats and mice. In subchronic oral studies, the NOAEL was 400 mg/kg in rats and 600 mg/kg in mice. In a 16-week feeding study, rats given up to 10,000 ppm showed no signs of toxicity. Repeated inhalation of volatilized Benzaldehyde produced ocular and nasal irritation at 500 ppm and death in rabbits at 750 ppm. Undiluted Benzaldehyde was irritating to rabbit eyes, causing edema, erythema, and pain. Benzaldehyde was determined not to be a contact sensitizer, but did produce allergic reactions in a maximization test. Clinical reports of allergy to Benzaldehyde are rare. Benzoic Acid did not produce irritation or sensitization reactions in human clinical studies. Benzoic Acid also failed to produce reactions in phototoxicity and photosensitization tests. Neither Benzaldehyde, Benzoic Acid, nor Sodium Benzoate are reproductive or developmental toxicants at doses that are nontoxic to the mother. In a behavioral study, blood levels of 0.12 ng/ml Benzaldehyde produced a 44% reduction in motor activity in mice. Benzaldehyde did not produce mutations in bacterial assays, but did produce chromosomal abnormalities in Chinese hamster cells and increased mutations in a mouse lymphoma forward mutation assay. Benzaldehyde was evaluated by the National Toxicology Program, which found no evidence of carcinogenicity in rats, and some evidence of carcinogenicity in mice. Several studies have suggested that Benzaldehyde can have carcinostatic or antitumor properties. Overall, at the concentrations used in cosmetics, Benzaldehyde was not considered a carcinogenic risk to humans. Although there are limited irritation and sensitization data available for Benzaldehyde, the available dermal irritation and sensitization data and ultraviolet (UV) absorption and phototoxicity data demonstrating no adverse reactions to Benzoic Acid support the safety of Benzaldehyde as currently used in cosmetic products.

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Benzaldehyde1

2006

Int J Toxicol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In the literature there are many precise and reliable chromatographic techniques of determination of BALC and its oxidation products [31] including in various pharmaceutical formulations [24,32], in plasma [33] or in cell extracts [34,35]. All of these techniques include either previous solution treatment, for example, dilution with chloroform [31], extraction by chloroform and vacuum drying [24] in the case of gas-liquid chromatography or the elution by solvent mixtures [25,[32][33][34][35].…”

Section: Testing Technique Of Balc Oxidation Products Determinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-dependent conversion of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde and benzoic acid in aqueous solutions

Sudareva

Chubarova

2006

Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Three other published gas chromatography methods [18][19][20] turned out to be inadequate as well: without derivatization, BA appeared to be difficult to separate due to excessive peak tailing. Finally, several HPLC methods 14,21,22 were published for BOH, but unfortunately none were applicable for serum analysis of all components simultaneously. Tan et al 14 published an HPLC method to determine all three components in dog plasma.…”

Section: Analytical Methods Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Until now, no analytical methods are available to separate these compounds in human serum. The HPLC method published by Tan et al 14 to determine BOH, BA, and HA simultaneously in dog plasma was not applicable for human serum, based on our own research. This was the reason to start the development of a bioassay to determine the components of interest in human serum.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%