Determination of bioactive compounds, antimicrobial activity, and the phytochemistry of the organic banana peel in Thailand

Abstract

Banana fruit is enriched with phytonutrients, minerals, and its peel, which is mostly discarded as waste. This research aimed to study its bioactive compound properties, antimicrobial activity, and identify and characterize the constituents of organic banana peel extract (BPE), composed of six species (i.e., Kluai Homthong, Kluai Namwa, Kluai Kai, Kluai Hukmook, Kluai Lebmuernang, and Kluai Homtaiwan). Total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant content, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were important in BPE of Kluai Kai. BPE of Kluai Hukmook could inhibit Aeromonas hydrophila and Staphylococcus aureus. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum exposed diverse compounds of primary and secondary phytochemicals. Four main constituents, including acetic acid, formic acid, 1,2-benzenediol,3-methyl-, and 4-hydroxy-2-methylacetophone derived from gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), demonstrated their antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activity. This result suggests that organic banana peel can both be applied as an antioxidant and antimicrobial substance. BPE increases the value of banana peels (BPs) and reduces the burden of its waste disposal in the environment.

Efficacy of lyophilized Lactobacillus sakei as a potential candidate for the prevention of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella infection

“…Accordingly, the L. sakei powder was packed with polyethylene material at a ratio of 1:3 to preserve its treatment e cacy. From an industrial point of view, using probiotic powder instead of bacteria culture is preferred due to the higher viability of the product during storage and the ease of use (NAKSING et al, 2019;Oktavia et al, 2020). In addition, our data showed that L. sakei powder had higher e cacy in an in vivo model than L. sakei culture.…”

Ripening process in exocarps of scarlet eggplant (Solanum aethiopicum) and banana (Musa spp.) investigated by Raman spectroscopy

“…Banana peel is an abundant source of dietary fiber, proteins, lipids, pectin, essential amino acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and micronutrients, in addition to other bioactive compounds ( Ibiyinka et al, 2021 , Khawas and Deka, 2016 , Naksing et al, 2021 ). Regardless of the fruit type (climacteric or non-climacteric), fruit ripening ultimately leads to transformations like cell wall softening, accumulation of sugars and phenolic compounds, color changes (anthocyanin and carotenoid accumulation), and the formation of aroma and volatile compounds.…”

Biological activities and potential of organic banana (Musa acuminata) peel extract in enhancing the immunity of giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii)

“…rosenbergii (Rattanavichai & Cheng, 2014). It has been suggested that the extract of BP could be applied as a supplement to animal and aquatic feed in order to enhance the growth and immunity of prawns (Naksing et al, 2021; Rattanavichai & Cheng, 2014).…”

“…The Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) (iD7ATR; Thermo Scientific) was performed to specify the functional groups of phytochemicals of different crude organic BPE following the method of Naksing et al (2021). The translucent sample discs were prepared by mixing 10 mg KBr salt and 1 mg freeze‐dried powder of different BPE.…”

“…Moreover, antipathogenic activity which was also achieved from organic BPE could improve phagocytosis and reduce the mortality of M. rosenbergii (Rattanavichai & Cheng, 2014). It has been suggested that the extract of BP could be applied as a supplement to animal and aquatic feed in order to enhance the growth and immunity of prawns (Naksing et al, 2021;Rattanavichai & Cheng, 2014). However, the utilization of antibiotics increases the number of resistant bacteria and presents residues in the aquaculture organisms that could be harmful to both humans and the aquatic environment (Romero et al, 2012).…”