Determination of cadmium and lead in beverages after leaching from pewter cups using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

Abstract

Two simple methods have been developed to determine cadmium and lead in different kinds of beverages and vinegar leached from pewter cups produced in Brazil. Leaching experiments have been carried out with different solutions: beer, sugar cane spirit, red and white wine, vinegar and a 3% acetic acid solution. The solutions were kept in cups with and without solder for 24h. Lead and cadmium have been determined using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with deuterium background correction. The limits of detection were 0.05 and 1.4 μg L(-1), and the characteristic mass was 1.0 pg and 19 pg for Cd and Pb, respectively. With the developed methods it was possible to determine accurately cadmium and lead by direct analysis in these liquids and to evaluate the leaching of these metals from pewter cups. The results presented in this work show that pewter cups are not cadmium- and lead-free; this point goes against the manufacturers' declaration that their products are lead-free.

Advances in assessing the elemental composition of distilled spirits using atomic spectrometry

“…Concentrations of individual elements are quite often measured in distilled spirits using graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS) with graphite tubes and integrated or inserted L'vov platforms [1,4,6,11,17,19,34,37,38,45,[49][50][51][52]. Graphite tubes without platforms are rarely used [18,31,45].…”

“…Graphite tubes without platforms are rarely used [18,31,45]. GF-AAS is applied to determine a specific group of trace elements {i.e., Al [17,19,34,46], As [1,6,19,37], Cd [11,17,19,20,38,45,46,49,50], Cr [11,18,31,45], Cu [1,6,9,37,50], Fe [52], Ni [9,11,31,45], Pb [1,4,6,9,14,16,17,19,33,37,46,[49][50][51] and Sb [18]}. However, it can also be used for determining selected major and minor elements (i.e., Zn, Fe, Ca, Mg and Na) …”

Determination of Trace Cd in Alcoholic and Nonalcoholic Beverages by Coupling Cloud Point Extraction with Spectrophotometry

“…Recently, the cadmium levels of different beverages with and without alcohol by different detection techniques (stripping chronopotenti-ometry, ICP-MS, ICP-OES, TF-FAAS, derivative potentiometric stripping analysis, GF-AAS, flow injection-diode array detection-spectrophotometry, a novel liquid-phase microextraction coupled with FAAS, HG-AFS and ET-AAS) are investigated in detail. Flame atomic absorption spectrometry [Xiang et al, 2012], inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry [Marchisio et al, 2005;Lara et al, 2001], inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry [Wu & Boyle, 1997], stripping chronopotentiometry [Lo Coco et al, 2006], derivative potentiometric stripping analysis [La Pera et al, 2003], graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry [Schiavo et al, 2008;Ajtony et al, 2008;Dessuy et al, 2011], a novel liquid-phase microextraction coupled with flame atomic absorption spectrometry [Wu et al, 2011], a sequential injection hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry [Duan et al, 2005], and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry [Farinas et al, 2007;Jurado et al, 2007] have also been applied for the determination of cadmium in different beverages and food samples. Although some of these techniques are sophisticated and have a high detection power, but they are relatively expensive, time-consuming, need experienced user in its area and not available in all laboratories.…”

A review of reflux systems using cold finger for sample preparation in the determination of volatile elements

“…Several authors have used this system in sample digestion process [38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47].…”

“…The digestion procedure employed nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide and heating under reflux using cold finger [43].…”