Determination of cadmium by atomic-fluorescence and atomic-absorption spectrophotometry

Atomic Fluorescence Flame Spectrometry

“…The Osram and Phillips metal-vapor arc lamps have been used extensively for zinc, cadmium, and thallium [29,30,32]. Although these sources are available for other metals, only the zinc, cadmium, and thallium lamps have been found to be analytically usable; and, unless some radical improvements are forthcoming in the design of metal-vapor arc lamps, the application of metal-vapor arc lamps will probably be limited to these three elements.…”

“…However, such burners result in flames of small size and in a noise component due to scattering of exciting light from unevaporated solvent particles in the flame gases. By use of organic_S£lvents or organic-aqueous solvent mixtures, scattering noise (Ai s ) can be reduced considerably, resulting in a greater signal-to-noise ratio and lower detection limits [29,32]. However, the analyst must be aware that flame background noise (Ai B ) increases in going to organic solvents, and therefore optimization procedures, as discussed in the theoretical section, are needed.…”

“…Veillon et al [31] used a continuous source for obtaining the analytical curves and limits of detection of thirteen elements by atomic fluorescence flame spectrometry. Dagnall et al [32] have described the determination of cadmium by atomic fluorescence and atomic absorption flame spectrometry. Armentrout [33] measured nickel in the part-per-million concentration range by atomic fluorescence flame spectrometry, and Prugger [34] has described an experimental system for measurement of zinc by atomic fluorescence flame spectrometry.…”

“…2. This basic arrangement was originally suggested by Winefordner and Vickers [2] and has been used with various modification by all experimenters in this area of flame spectrometry [28][29][30][31][32][33][34], Fundamentally, the setup consists of an intense source of radiation focused on a flame cell containing atoms of the element being investigated. The fluorescent radiation emitted at right angles to the exciting beam is collected at the monochromator entrance slit, and the amplified signal from a multiplier phototube detector is displayed by a meter or recorder.…”

“…The experimental components used in the experimental systems described in the literature [28][29][30][31][32][33][34] for atomic fluorescence flame spectrometry are given in Table 1.…”