“…Pesticides can be also classified according to their application; to kill insects (insecticide), weeds (herbicide), fungi (fungicide), nematodes (nematicide), and others. Several methods have been reported in the literature for the detection of pesticides such as fluorescence spectrophotometry [64], gas chromatography with flame ionization detection [65,66], gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection [67,68], high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection [69,70], and high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry [71,72]. However, in all these cases, the methods require skilled labour, sophisticated instrumentation, and are expensive to run and maintain.…”