Determination of Carbon in Steel by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Using a Microchip Laser and Miniature Spectrometer

Wormhoudt, J.; Iannarilli, Frank J.; Jones, Stephen H.; Annen, Kurt; Freedman, Andrew

doi:10.1366/0003702055012528

Cited by 40 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…98 The key difference in handheld LIBS instruments is the use of a high repetition rate (5-10 kHz range) diodepumped solid-state laser with low pulse energies (microjoules to millijoules), as compared with the low repetition rate ($10 Hz) and high pulse energies ($400 mJ) of laboratory systems. 99 Microchip lasers have been described previously [100][101][102] and used in a laboratory setting to determine carbon in steel 103,104 and analyze aluminum alloys. 105 For the spectrograph, a general-purpose LIBS instrument may require a large wavelength range to be covered at a high spectral resolution.…”

Section: The Development Of Handheld Laser-induced Breakdown Spectrosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Portable Spectroscopy

Crocombe¹

2018

Appl Spectrosc

403

233

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Until very recently, handheld spectrometers were the domain of major analytical and security instrument companies, with turnkey analyzers using spectroscopic techniques from X-ray fluorescence (XRF) for elemental analysis (metals), to Raman, mid-infrared, and near-infrared (NIR) for molecular analysis (mostly organics). However, the past few years have seen rapid changes in this landscape with the introduction of handheld laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), smartphone spectroscopy focusing on medical diagnostics for low-resource areas, commercial engines that a variety of companies can build up into products, hyphenated or dual technology instruments, low-cost visible-shortwave NIR instruments selling directly to the public, and, most recently, portable hyperspectral imaging instruments. Successful handheld instruments are designed to give answers to non-scientist operators; therefore, their developers have put extensive resources into reliable identification algorithms, spectroscopic libraries or databases, and qualitative and quantitative calibrations. As spectroscopic instruments become smaller and lower cost, ''engines'' have emerged, leading to the possibility of being incorporated in consumer devices and smart appliances, part of the Internet of Things (IOT). This review outlines the technologies used in portable spectroscopy, discusses their applications, both qualitative and quantitative, and how instrument developers and vendors have approached giving actionable answers to non-scientists. It outlines concerns on crowdsourced data, especially for heterogeneous samples, and finally looks towards the future in areas like IOT, emerging technologies for instruments, and portable hyphenated and hyperspectral instruments.

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Section: The Development Of Handheld Laser-induced Breakdown Spectrosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Portable Spectroscopy

Crocombe¹

2018

Appl Spectrosc

403

233

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“…As mentioned previously, the published literature for carbon and sulfur measurements in steel is conducted in the VUV (10,11,13,(15)(16)(17)(18)20). The advantage of using carbon and sulfur atomic emission peaks in this region is that the most prominent emission lines for carbon and sulfur are at 193.09 nm and 180.73 nm, respectively, compared to the lines used in the above study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Recently, Benet Laboratories was interested in seeing if LIBS could be used to determine slight discrepancies in the composition of steel parts, such as trace amounts of carbon. LIBS analysis of carbon in steel samples typically involves using atomic emission lines in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) region (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18). Collecting emission in the VUV usually involves using specialized spectrometers and sample chambers in order to avoid absorption of the plasma emission due to the O 2 Schumann-Runge band system (19).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Carbon and Sulfur in Steel Samples Using Bench Top Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)

Lucia¹,

Gottfried²,

Miziolek³

2009

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“…However, the analytical technique was not suited for the trace light element analysis due to its harsh spectroscopic interferences from air (N 2 , O 2 , and CO 2 ) and humidity (H 2 O) that might be introduced into the ICP. Alternative analytical technique that uses the LA is laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. The LIBS shows several technical benefits that include little or no sample preparation, no contamination from the excitation source, and direct characterization of molten and solid materials as an almost nondestructive technique.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection and Analytical Capabilities for Trace Level of Carbon in High-Purity Metals by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy with a Frequency Quintupled 213 nm Nd:YAG Laser

Ohata

Nakae²

2017

Journal of Chemistry

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The laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) with a frequency quintupled 213 nm Nd:YAG laser was examined to the analysis of trace level of carbon (C) in high-purity metals and its detection and analytical capabilities were evaluated. Though C signal in a wavelength of 247.9 nm, which showed the highest sensitivity of C, could be obtained from Cd, Ti, and Zn ca. 7000 mg kg−1 C in Fe could not be detected due to the interferences from a lot of Fe spectra. Alternative C signal in a wavelength of 193.1 nm could not be also detected from Fe due to the insufficient laser output energy of the frequency quintupled 213 nm Nd:YAG laser. The depth analysis of C by LIBS was also demonstrated and the C in Cd and Zn was found to be contaminated in only surface area whereas the C in Ti was distributed in bulk. From these results, the frequency quintupled 213 nm Nd:YAG laser, which was adopted widely as a commercial laser ablation (LA) system coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) for trace element analysis in solid materials, could be used for C analysis to achieve simultaneous measurements for both C and trace elements in metals by LIBS and LA-ICPMS, respectively.

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Determination of Carbon in Steel by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Using a Microchip Laser and Miniature Spectrometer

Cited by 40 publications

References 21 publications

Portable Spectroscopy

Portable Spectroscopy

Analysis of Carbon and Sulfur in Steel Samples Using Bench Top Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)

Detection and Analytical Capabilities for Trace Level of Carbon in High-Purity Metals by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy with a Frequency Quintupled 213 nm Nd:YAG Laser

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