Determination of Chemical Warfare Agents in Natural Water Samples by Solid-Phase Microextraction

Lakso, Hans-Åke; Ng, Wei Fang

doi:10.1021/ac960997h

Cited by 98 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 7 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…There are a number of reports that validate the use of SPME for the analysis of CWAs in air, water, and soil [46 -51]. These studies include the analysis of hydrogen cyanide [46], VX [50,52], sarin [48 -50], soman [50], tabun [50], and mustard [51]. There have also been reports describing the detection of precursor chemicals and degradation products of CWAs using SPME [52][53][54][55].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hand-portable gas chromatograph-toroidal ion trap mass spectrometer (GC-TMS) for detection of hazardous compounds

Contreras

Murray

Tolley³

et al. 2008

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

242

156

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A novel gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) based on a miniature toroidal ion trap mass analyzer (TMS) and a low thermal mass GC is described. The TMS system has an effective mass/charge (m/z) range of 50-442 with mass resolution at full-width half-maximum (FWHM) of 0.55 at m/z 91 and 0.80 at m/z 222. A solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber mounted in a simple syringe-style holder is used for sample collection and introduction into a specially designed low thermal mass GC injection port. This portable GC-TMS system weighs <13 kg (28 lb), including batteries and helium carrier gas cartridge, and is totally self-contained within dimensions of 47 X 36 X 18 em (18.5 X 14 X 7 in.). System start-up takes about 3 min and sample analysis with library matching typically takes about 5 min, including time for column cool-down. Peak power consumption during sample analysis is about 80 W. Battery power and helium supply cartridges allow 50 and 100 consecutive analyses, respectively. Both can be easily replaced. An on-board library of target analytes is used to provide detection and identification of chemical compounds based on their characteristic retention times and mass spectra. The GC-TMS can detect 200 pg of methyl salicylate on-column. n-Butylbenzene and naphthalene can be detected at a concentration of 100 ppt in water from solid-phase microextraction (SPME) analysis of the headspace. The GC-TMS system has been designed to easily make measurements in a variety of complex and harsh environments. and toxic industrial chemicals (TICs), is a concern, the ability to rapidly detect and accurately identify such chemicals in harsh environments is of great utility. There is a need for field-portable, selective, and sensitive detectors for military and emergency first-responder operations and for on-site environmental contamination measurement, to mention only a couple of key applications. The development of fieldportable devices directed toward fast, on-site analysis is one of the most active research areas in analytical chemistry.Currently, several approaches for detection of CWAs and TICs are utilized by military personnel, first responders, and environmental scientists. They include dye solubility (detection paper), enzymatic reaction,

show abstract

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hand-portable gas chromatograph-toroidal ion trap mass spectrometer (GC-TMS) for detection of hazardous compounds

Contreras

Murray

Tolley³

et al. 2008

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

242

156

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…As we can see, the relative recovery in seawater for four nerve agents was lower than that of river and field water. That is because the cations presented in seawater catalyze degradation of nerve agents 4 and a basic condition of seawater increase the hydrolysis of nerve agents during the extraction. Also, the enrichment factors (EF, defined as the ration of the peak area obtained after SDME to the peak area obtained with no extraction) were 5(GB) and 76(GD) for sea water, 8(GB) and 103(GD) for river water, 7(GB) and 92(GD) for field warter.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pre-treatment techniques for analyzing CWAs include liquid-liquid extraction, 2 solid-phase extraction, 3 and solid-phase microextraction. 4 These extraction techniques were adopted when preparing samples of different sample matrices. Each extraction technique has their strengths and weaknesses and can be used according to the properties of sample and matrix.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Chemical Warfare Agents in Water Using Single-Drop Microextraction

2009

Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Single-drop microextraction (SDME) is an extraction methodology where the drop plays an essential role as extracts. It was evaluated for the GC-MS determination of nerve agents, one class of the chemical warfare agents (CWAs). Since these nerve agents are highly toxic, it is important to detect the nerve agents in the environmental samples. Several affecting factors including extraction solvents, stirring rate, extraction time, and amounts of salt were optimized. The limit of detections (LODs) were 0.1 -10 ng/mL and the relative standard deviations (RSDs%, n=5) were in the range of 6.3% to 9.0% for four nerve agents. Without pretreatment of the environmental samples, 5-103 fold enrichments and 48-100% recovery were accomplished. These results demonstrated the feasibility of this method for on-site and off-site analysis of water sample collected from suspicious CWAs site.Key Words: Single-drop microextraction, Chemical warfare agents, Nerve agents IntroductionThe Organization for Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) inspects relevant industrial or military sites to implement Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) which bans the development, production, stockpiling, and transferring of these dreadful weapons in various countries.1 This inspection includes various verification activities (on-site analysis by OPCW inspectors in alleged point and off-site analysis designated by OPCW laboratories). A key point of verification activities is to analyze chemical warfare agents (CWAs) regardless of sample types. Therefore, a pre-treatment of CWAs from the complex environmental samples is very important for analyzing its trace. The pre-treatment techniques for analyzing CWAs include liquid-liquid extraction, 2 solid-phase extraction, 3 and solid-phase microextraction. 4 These extraction techniques were adopted when preparing samples of different sample matrices. Each extraction technique has their strengths and weaknesses and can be used according to the properties of sample and matrix.Recently a fast, simple, inexpensive and solvent free sample preparation technique has been used for extracting CWAs from water. This technique, so called liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) can be performed as a pre-treatment which makes extraction and pre-concentration occur simultaneously. This technique involves hollow fiber protected liquid-phase microextraction 5,6 and single-drop microextraction. 7,8 In case of hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction, a hollow fiber containing organic solvent is attached into the tip of the syringe needle, and the analytes of interesting are extracted into the organic solvent through a thin layer of a hollow fiber and then detected by GC or GC-MS, 9 typically. After the organic solvent is retracted into the syringe, the hollow fiber is discarded. Therefore, a carry-over effect can be removed. The extraction of CWAs and convention related compounds (CRCs) has been carried out using this technique. 5 The CWAs were directly extracted into organic solvent through hollow fiber and the CRCs having low vola...

show abstract

“…The target sample is exposed to the extraction material which is dispersed on a substrate. The extraction phase that contains the target analytes can be directly connected to a GC or extracted with proper solvents [36][37][38][39].…”

Section: Extraction Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For these analyses PDMS/DVB of 65 µm was used as the fiber coating material [39]. In another analysis DMMP, which is used as a simulant for sarin, was analyzed using FID as a detector with LOD of 1.11 µg/L.…”

Section: Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Nerve Agents and Their Detection

Kim¹,

Huh²

2014

Journal of Sensor Science and Technology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Nerve agents are major chemical warfare agents with the "G series" and "V series" being the most widely known because of their lethal effect. Although not conspicuously used in major wars, the potential detrimental impact on modern society had been revealed from the sarin terror attack on Tokyo subway, which affected thousands of people. In this mini-review, major nerve agents of the "G series" and "V series" have been described along with various types of their detection methods. The physical properties and hydrolysis mechanisms of the major nerve agents are discussed since these are important factors to be considered in choosing detection methods, and specifying the procedures for sample preparations in order to enhance detection precision. Various types of extraction methods, including liquid-phase, solid-phase, gas-phase and solid-phase microextraction (SPME), are described. Recent development in the use of gas sensors for detecting nerve agents is also summarized.

show abstract

Determination of Chemical Warfare Agents in Natural Water Samples by Solid-Phase Microextraction

Cited by 98 publications

References 7 publications

Hand-portable gas chromatograph-toroidal ion trap mass spectrometer (GC-TMS) for detection of hazardous compounds

Hand-portable gas chromatograph-toroidal ion trap mass spectrometer (GC-TMS) for detection of hazardous compounds

Analysis of Chemical Warfare Agents in Water Using Single-Drop Microextraction

Nerve Agents and Their Detection

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About