Determination of chloride content in concrete structures with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Wilsch, Gerd; Weritz, Friederike; Schaurich, Dieter; Wiggenhauser, Herbert

doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.06.001

Cited by 97 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The effect of cement types on corrosion resistance of steel has also studied [12,13]. The chloride threshold limit for reinforcement corrosion was studied by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy [14], X-ray fluorescence [15], and mathematical modelling methods [16,17]. The critical threshold chloride level for corrosion of steel in concrete was reviewed recently [18].…”

Section: Expression Of ''Threshold Value''mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tolerance limit of chloride for steel in blended cement mortar using the cyclic polarisation technique

et al. 2007

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The tolerance limit for chloride in ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and blended cements such as Portland pozzolana cement (PPC) and Portland slag cement (PSC) was assessed by cyclic polarisation. This study covers both cement extracts and mortar. The salient features of this investigation were: in extracts, the tolerance limit for chloride actually doubles for PSC when compared to PPC and OPC. The tolerance limit for chloride for various mortars follows the order: PSC [ PPC [ OPC. In OPC and PPC mortar, the repassivation potential (E rep ) shifted negatively with higher amounts of free chloride but in PSC mortar E rep shifted positively (+590 mV) even in the presence of 5,000 ppm of free chloride. PSC takes longer time (50 days) to reach E rep indicating perfect passivity maintained for the embedded steel.

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Section: Expression Of ''Threshold Value''mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tolerance limit of chloride for steel in blended cement mortar using the cyclic polarisation technique

et al. 2007

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“…Wilsch et al 317 proposed the use of a LIBS technique for on-site application having the possibility to investigate a wide range of different measuring points. The LIBS setup consists of a pulsed Nd:YAG laser (pulse duration of 10 ns, 300 mJ pulse -1 , repetition rate of 20 Hz, 1064 nm) that was focused on the surface of the sample.…”

Section: Miscellaneous Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Pasquini¹,

Cortez²,

Silva³

et al. 2007

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

342

195

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Esta revisão descreve os aspectos fundamentais, a instrumentação, as aplicações e tendências futuras de uma técnica analítica que se encontra em seu estágio de consolidação e que está em vias de estabelecer o seu nicho entre as técnicas espectrofotométricas modernas. A técnica é denominada Espectroscopia de Emissão em Plasma Induzido por Laser (em inglês, Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, LIBS) e sua principal característica está no uso de pulsos de laser como fonte de energia para vaporizar a amostra e excitar a emissão de radiação eletromagnética, a partir de seus elementos e/ou fragmentos moleculares. A radiação emitida é analisada por meio de instrumentos ópticos de alta resolução e as suas intensidades são medidas, usualmente com detectores rápidos de estado sólido. Em conjunto, esses dispositivos permitem a geração e a medida de um espectro de emissão de faixa ampla do fenômeno induzido pelo pulso de laser. O espectro registrado contém informação qualitativa e quantitativa que pode ser correlacionada com a identidade da amostra ou empregada na determinação da quantidade de seus constituintes. Essa revisão é dividida em quatro partes. A primeira aborda aspectos históricos da técnica e os conceitos teóricos relevantes associados com LIBS; então, os aspectos práticos de diversas abordagens experimentais e instrumentais empregadas na implementação da técnica são revistos de forma crítica; as aplicações encontradas na literatura, incluindo aquelas que empregam quimiometria, são classificadas e exemplificadas por meio de trabalhos relevantes recentemente publicados. Finalmente, uma tentativa de estabelecer uma avaliação global e as perspectivas futuras para a técnica é apresentada.This review describes the fundamentals, instrumentation, applications and future trends of an analytical technique that is in its early stages of consolidation and is establishing its definitive niches among modern spectrometric techniques. The technique has been named Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and its main characteristic stands in the use of short laser pulses as the energy source to vaporize samples and excite the emission of electromagnetic radiation from its elements and/or molecular fragments. The emitted radiation is analyzed by high resolution optics and the intensities are recorded, usually by fast triggered solid state detectors. Together, these devices allow producing and registering a wide ranging emission spectrum of the short-lived phenomenon induced by the laser pulse. The spectrum contains qualitative and quantitative information which can be correlated with sample identity or can be used to determine the amount of its constituents. This review is divided in four parts. First, the relevant historical and theoretical concepts associated with LIBS are presented; then the main practical aspects of the several experimental and instrumental approaches employed for implementation of the technique are critically described; the applications related in the literature, including those making use of chemometri...

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“…The chlorine concentration in the cement or concrete can be determined by evaluation of the emission line 837.6 nm in the near infrared spectral range (Wilsch et al 2005). Other chloride spectral lines are available in theory, but do not deliver the required sensitivity in practice.…”

Section: Chloride Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…such as chloride and sulphur, in cement based materials (Wilsch et al 2005;Weritz et al 2006;Gondal et al 2011;Gehlen et al 2009;Sugiyama et al 2010). It can be considered as a meso-scale technique, with spatial resolution in mm range.…”

Section: Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (Libs)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…with spatial resolution in the mm range) should be used. Some of the techniques used in the literature are electron probe micro analysis (EPMA) (Win et al 2011), laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) (Silva et al 2013), and laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) (Wilsch et al 2005;Weritz et al 2006). In the current study, a LIBS setup at the BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing in Berlin, Germany, was used to determine chloride distribution in cracked specimens, as explained further.…”

Section: Introduction and Research Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

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Chloride ingress in cracked concrete: a laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) study

Šavija

Schlangen

Farias

et al. 2014

ACT

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Cracks are always present in reinforced concrete structures. In the presented research, influence of mechanical cracks on chloride ingress is studied. A compact reinforced concrete specimen was designed, mimicking the cracking behaviour of beam elements. Cracks of different widths were induced by means of mechanical loading. These cracked specimens were then subjected to weekly cycles of wetting and drying with NaCl solution. After the exposure, the specimens were cut, and chloride distributions were determined using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), an innovative technique which enables simultaneous determination of different elements with high spatial resolution and minimal specimen preparation. By combining element distributions of different elements, it is possible to discriminate between coarse aggregate particles, and the mortar matrix. It was found that the wider the crack is, the higher the ingress of chloride ions. This was, however, different for two tested concrete mixes. Due to highly inhomogeneous chloride distribution around the cracks, use of fine-scale experimental techniques for chloride mapping is advised, based on the presented study.

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Determination of chloride content in concrete structures with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Cited by 97 publications

References 6 publications

Tolerance limit of chloride for steel in blended cement mortar using the cyclic polarisation technique

Tolerance limit of chloride for steel in blended cement mortar using the cyclic polarisation technique

Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Chloride ingress in cracked concrete: a laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) study

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