Determination of Chlorine Dioxide, Chlorine, Chlorite, and Chlorate in Water

Aieta, E. Marco; Roberts, Paul; Hernández, Margarita

doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1984.tb05263.x

Cited by 140 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The reader is advised to consult the text by White (1992) and journal article written by Aieta et al (1984) for detailed information regarding chlorine dioxide generation rnethods and chemistry .…”

Section: Chlorine Dioxide Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In brief, chlorine dioxide is often generated through the reaction of aqueous sodium chlorite and chlorine (Aieta et al, 1984). In its US survey, Dietrich et al (1992) found that, for al1 of the 32 treatment utilities which responded, the generation of chlorine dioxide consisted of reacting aqueous chlorite (88.2% of the facilities reported using sodium chlorite in the generation process) with chlorine gas or hypochlorous acid.…”

Section: Chlorine Dioxide Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of different chlorine dioxide generation techniques involving the use of sodium chlorite are reported in Table 2.5. The reaction conditions of the chlorine dioxide generator, which have mostly been set by the design of the generator structure, will largely govern to which extent chlorine dioxide, chlorite, chlorate and chlorine are to be found in the product Stream of the generator (Aieta et al, 1984). report that conditions of high reactant concentrations (no specific Ievels given) are desirable since the intermediate product (C1203 wiU form quickly and produce chlorine dioxide as the main product (Table 2.5, eqns.…”

Section: Chlorine Dioxide Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Development of chlorine dioxide-related by-product models for drinking water treatment

Korn¹,

Andrews

Escobar

2002

Water Research

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Section: Chlorine Dioxide Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chlorine Dioxide Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chlorine Dioxide Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Development of chlorine dioxide-related by-product models for drinking water treatment

Korn¹,

Andrews

Escobar

2002

Water Research

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“…Iodometric titration registers all oxyhalides. 15 Only the HOCl and OCl À content is effective in killing microorganisms and dissolving protein. 16 It was considered important to investigate whether the amount of tissue dissolved by a solution affected the residual chlorine content and whether these measurements were useful in assessing the comparative effectiveness of NaOCl solutions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is because iodometric titration for active chlorine registers them along with HOCl and OCl À . 15 Analysis of the ClO 3…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of residual active chlorine in sodium hypochlorite solutions after dissolution of porcine incisor pulpal tissue

Clarkson¹,

Smith²,

Kidd³

et al. 2013

Aust Dent J

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Background: In previous studies, surfactant-containing Hypochlor brands of sodium hypochlorite showed better tissue solubilizing abilities than Milton; differences not explained by original active chlorine content or presence of surfactant. It was postulated that exhaustion of active chlorine content could explain differences. This study aimed to assess whether Milton's poorer performance was due to exhaustion of active chlorine. Parallel experiments assessed the influence of titration methods, and the presence of chlorates, on active chlorine measurements. Methods: Time required to dissolve one or groups of 10 samples of porcine incisor pulp samples in Milton was determined. Residual active chlorine was assessed by thermometric titration. Iodometric and thermometric titration was carried out on samples of Milton. Chlorate content was also measured. Results: Dissolution of single and 10 pulp samples caused a mean loss of 1% and 3% respectively of active chlorine, not being proportional to tissue dissolved. Thermometric ammonium ion titration resulted in 10% lower values than iodometric titration. Chlorate accounted for much of this difference. Conclusions: Depletion of active chlorine is not the reason for differences in tissue dissolving capabilities of Milton. Thermometric ammonium ion titration gives more accurate measurement of active chlorine content than iodometric titration.

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Chlorine Oxygen Acids and Salts, Chlorous Acid, Chlorites, and Chlorine Dioxide

Kaczur

Cawlfield

2000

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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Chlorine dioxide is finding increasing use as an oxidizing bleaching agent in the pulp and paper industry, replacing chlorine gas and aqueous sodium hypochlorite. Chlorine dioxide significantly reduces the quantity of adsorbable organically bound halide (AOX) effluents produced in the paper pulp bleaching process while producing high brightness paper with excellent mechanical strength. Increasing chlorine dioxide bleaching substitution levels in the pulp mills as well as the need for a chlorine‐free gas for bleaching are the driving forces for design/process changes in the commercial chlorine dioxide generators that use sodium chlorate. Chlorine dioxide is also increasing in usage as a disinfectant or biocide in municipal and industrial water treatment as well as an oxidizer in oil field and pollution abatement processes. Sodium chlorite is the choice precursor chemical for generating chlorine dioxide gas in quantities of less than about 2000 kg/d. Chlorine dioxide has been shown to be an effective biocide as well as an effective oxidizer for the control of total trihalomethanes, in drinking water treatment to meet USEPA drinking water regulations. Methods for the removal of the disinfection by‐products produced from chlorine dioxide treatment, such as chlorite and chlorate, are being developed to alleviate toxicological concerns about their presence in drinking water.

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Determination of Chlorine Dioxide, Chlorine, Chlorite, and Chlorate in Water

Cited by 140 publications

References 6 publications

Development of chlorine dioxide-related by-product models for drinking water treatment

Development of chlorine dioxide-related by-product models for drinking water treatment

Assessment of residual active chlorine in sodium hypochlorite solutions after dissolution of porcine incisor pulpal tissue

Chlorine Oxygen Acids and Salts, Chlorous Acid, Chlorites, and Chlorine Dioxide

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