Determination of Chlorophenol in Environmental Samples Using a Voltammetric Biosensor Based on Hybrid Nanocomposite

Abstract

In this work, a simple electrochemical biosensor for 4-chlorophenol was developed based on laccase immobilized on a hybrid nanocomposite (ZnO nanoparticles/chitosan), and incorporated in a carbon paste electrode. There are few biosensors in the literature for this specific pollutant because it tends to form polymeric films on the electrode, causing surface passivation or even enzyme inactivation. The carbon paste allowed the surface to be easily renewed by polishing, which amends this limitation. To optimize the experimental conditions, we used cyclic voltammetry and hydroquinone as a representative of phenolic compounds due to the high toxicity of chlorophenol, thus avoiding the generation of hazardous residues. After optimization, a calibration curve was constructed for 4-chlorophenol using differential pulse voltammetry, and a linear response was obtained from 1 to 50 µM, with a lower detection limit of 0.7 µM. The obtained biosensor showed high accuracy when employed in the analysis of industrial wastewater.

Simultaneous Determination of Different Phenolic Compounds Using Electrochemical Biosensor and Multivariate Calibration

“…In addition, novel approaches have made possible the miniaturization of electrodes and they generate lower residues, thus contributing to green chemistry. 9 These devices use a biological molecule as the recognizing element, mostly enzymes, 10,11 as they tend to be less expensive than antibodies or DNA fragments, for instance. Considering the use of oxireductases as the recognizing element, the enzyme tyrosinase is widely used since it has excellent selectivity to phenols and it is readily obtained from vegetables like yam.…”

“…15 There is a wide variety of metallic nanoparticles, which can be found in the literature, as supports for biosensor construction, including gold, 16 platinum, 17 bismuth 18 and silver 19 as well as zinc 11 and manganese oxides. 20 However, the use of magnetic nanoparticles based on iron oxides has the benefit of producing adsorptive materials that are responsive to magnetic field, which can be re-dispersed if magnetism is removed, thus offering the advantage for magnetic separation.…”

Marine Biological Macromolecules as Matrix Material for Biosensor fabrication

“…The important aspect in connecting Chitosan with various chemical groups is the abundance of functional groups and pH solubility. Many applications of chitosan-based electrochemical enzyme biosensor were reported, including for dopamine release in the brain of rats (Njagi et al,2008), detection of hydrogen peroxide via catalase immobilized on chitosan-β-cyclodextrin (Dong et al, 2017) and chlorophenol determination via laccase immobilized on ZnO-Chitosan nanocomposite (Mendes et al, 2017).…”

Chitin/Chitosan: Versatile Ecological, Industrial, and Biomedical Applications

“…Biosensors to detect catechol as well as other phenolic compounds were based on immobilized tyrosinase on a film of chitosan-nickel nanoparticles (Yang et al 2012a). A biosensor for detection of chlorophenol that includes immobilized laccase on ZnO-chitosan nanocomposite was prepared by Mendes et al (2017). Nanocomposite of functionalized graphene oxide (enriched with carboxylic moieties)-polypyrrole-chitosan film was constructed to detect hydrogen peroxide using screen-printed carbon electrodes (Akhtar et al 2017).…”