Determination of contaminants in artisanal cannabis products used for childhood epilepsy in the Australian community: A sub-analysis of the ‘PELICAN’ study

Suraev, Anastasia; Benson, Melissa J.; Martin, L.; Lintzeris, Nicholas; McGregor, Iain S.

doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108496

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In conclusion, when assessing solvent residues present in samples against a pharmacopeial safety limits, it is evident that a large fraction of cannabis-based products in South Africa exceeds these limits. These findings are either comparable or show higher failure rates than other studies published (Suraev et al, 2022 ; Raber et al, 2015 ). Even though safety limits for solvent residues have been published, adherence by manufacturers is lacking, notwithstanding enforcement of these limits by regulators.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…Among the 279 samples, a total of 111 samples had at least one solvent analyte that failed the USP/ICH specification limit (37% failure rate). A study conducted on solvent contaminants in cannabis-based products employed to treat epilepsy, averaged a USP specification failure rate of 29% (Suraev et al, 2022 ), compared to the significantly higher South African failure rate of 37%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It should be noted that due to the high viscosity of the extracts, significant solvent residues were also reported by this study (Romano & Hazekamp, 2013 ). As study evaluating the quality of artisanal/home produced cannabis-based products, used to manage seizures in children, was conducted in 2022 (Suraev et al, 2022 ). Of the 58 cannabis sample evaluated, 17 (29%) contained concentrations of ethanol and isopropanol above USP solvent residue limits (Suraev et al, 2022 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As study evaluating the quality of artisanal/home produced cannabis-based products, used to manage seizures in children, was conducted in 2022 (Suraev et al, 2022 ). Of the 58 cannabis sample evaluated, 17 (29%) contained concentrations of ethanol and isopropanol above USP solvent residue limits (Suraev et al, 2022 ). A study conducted in 2015 found that isopentane was the most frequently detected (29.8%) solvent residue in 57 samples (Raber et al, 2015 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An assessment of solvent residue contaminants related to cannabis-based products in the South African market

Viviers¹,

Petzer

Gordon

2022

J Cannabis Res

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Organic solvents are used for manufacturing herbal medicines and can be detected as residues of such processing in the final products. It is important for the safety of consumers to control these solvent residues. South African cannabis-based product samples were analysed for solvent residue contaminants as classified by the United States Pharmacopeia (USP), chapter 467. The origin of these samples ranged anywhere from crude extract, product development samples, and market ready final products. Samples were submitted to a contract laboratory over a period of 2 years from 2019 to 2021. To date, no data of this kind exist in South Africa specifically relating to cannabis-based medicinal, recreational, or complementary products. A total of 279 samples were analysed in duplicate by full evaporation headspace gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry and the results are reported in an anonymised format. The results showed an alarming 37% sample solvent residue failure rate with respect to adherence to USP 467 specification. It is important to ensure regulation is enforced to control product quality. The South African public need to be educated about the risks associated with cannabis-based products.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

An assessment of solvent residue contaminants related to cannabis-based products in the South African market

Viviers¹,

Petzer

Gordon

2022

J Cannabis Res

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“…49 To our knowledge, there have been no formal studies examining solvents used in pet products, while in human products it has been shown that the most commonly found solvents are isopropanol and ethanol in 29% of products tested above the USP limits. 50 Currently, California Code of Regulations Title 16 has more stringent testing than the USP limits. Based on these regulations, third-party testing laboratories typically utilize the California regulations for quality control assurances.…”

Section: Solvents and Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Key quality control aspects about cannabinoid-rich hemp products that a veterinarian needs to know: a practitioner’s guide

Henion

Evans²,

Wakshlag

2023

javma

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There is considerable confusion in the veterinary profession surrounding the rise in hemp cannabidiol-based animal products and what veterinarians should know before discussing these products with clients. There is emerging evidence for the potential use in case management across many veterinary indications; however, the cannabinoid concentrations and whether these are isolated cannabinoids or whole hemp extracts is difficult to elucidate, even from the published papers. Much like any extract from a plant, there are multiple considerations including quality control, pharmacokinetics in the intended species, microbiological and chemical contamination, and product consistency—all aspects that should be considered before a conversation can begin with a client. The aim of this review is to help practitioners make informed decisions and better facilitate discussions with clients for companion animals kept as pets. This review will not address food animal issues, as established withholding times have yet to be fully researched.

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Meta‐analysis and review of cannabinoids extraction and purification techniques

Song

Furtose

Fuoco³

et al. 2023

Can J Chem Eng

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Projected revenues of cannabis concentrates and extracts in Canada will reach 5 billion dollars, of which infused products will account for half of the total. The pharmacologically active cannabinoids accumulate in the crop's flowers, accounting for as much as 30% of their dry mass, and are absent from the rest of the plant's body. To achieve a cost effective drug formulation requires optimizing cannabis processing techniques. Here, we review the pre-treatment of Cannabis sativa L., its solvent extraction, and the isolation of its active metabolites. We describe traditional extraction processes such as maceration and percolation with organic solvents, but focus on recent green solvent and methods including supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE) and microwave-and ultrasound-enhanced techniques. Furthermore, we report the decarboxylation kinetics to convert tetrahydrocannabinolic acid and cannabidiolic acid and purification-isolation techniques to satisfy regulatory and consumer requirements. Cannabinoids decarboxylate in 10-60 min at 100-150 C. Ethanol and petroleum ether recover up to 90% of the neutral cannabinoids from plant inflorescences, but the crude extracts require further refining as the purity is less than 50%. Propane and butane compressed gas extraction facilitate solvent removal but introduce safety hazards related to flammability. SCFE is the safest solvent-free extraction method with improved terpenoid recovery and > 80% purity. Academic and commercial interest in the field is expected to accelerate in the next decade due to recent changes in regulatory schemes across North America, which will reduce legal and stigmatic barriers to research.

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Determination of contaminants in artisanal cannabis products used for childhood epilepsy in the Australian community: A sub-analysis of the ‘PELICAN’ study

Cited by 10 publications

References 21 publications

An assessment of solvent residue contaminants related to cannabis-based products in the South African market

An assessment of solvent residue contaminants related to cannabis-based products in the South African market

Key quality control aspects about cannabinoid-rich hemp products that a veterinarian needs to know: a practitioner’s guide

Meta‐analysis and review of cannabinoids extraction and purification techniques

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