Determination of critical anthropometric parameters for design of respirators

Liau, You-Hin; Bhattacharya, Amit; Ayer, Howard E.; Miller, Carl

doi:10.1080/15298668291410774

Cited by 23 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…The results of facial length dimensions measured in this study were generally similar to those reported in other Korean studies 1,12) . However, most facial dimensions measured on this Korean population 1,12) were found to be significantly different from corresponding dimensions in other Caucasian ethnic groups 4,[8][9][10][18][19][20] including face width, lip width, nose width, and nasal root breadth. These comparisons revealed that, regardless of *All measurements for males were significantly higher than those of for females (p<0.001) by two sample t-test except NRBR.…”

Section: Results Of Facial Anthropometric Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…But several studies 4,5,10) have reported that the facial dimensions used for half mask design showed no relationship to the fit performance of half masks. Confounding the problem is the fact that the data were originated mainly from military personnel, where variability in terms of age, weight, and height might have been much less than that of civilians.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This finding is similar to those of previous studies that found no correlation between fit factors and facial dimensions for White Americans 9,10) . Liau et al 4) also evaluated the relationship of facial dimensions on LNFF results and found no strong associations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In designing the facepiece of a respirator, the facial dimensions selected for full facepiece respirators were face length and face width, and for half-and quarter mask respirators were facial length and lip width 3) . Previous studies on the seal of tight-fitting respirators to wearers' faces have focused mainly on White (Caucasian) males 4,5) . A review of literature revealed that only a limited amount of research on other ethnic groups including Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians have been done [6][7][8][9] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Facial Anthropometric Dimensions of Koreans and Their Associations with Fit of Quarter-Mask Respirators.

et al. 2003

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Past studies on respirator fit or performance have mostly been done for Whites or male subjects, and little attention has been paid to minorities and Asians. To fill this gap, this study was designed to provide facial anthropometric data for Koreans and to analyze the association between facial dimensions and respirator fit factors for three brands of quarter-mask respirators, two domestic and one imported brand, using a Portacount™ 8020. A total of 110 university student subjects, 70 males and 40 females volunteered for participation in the study. The results of this study showed that Korean males and females have different facial dimensions as compared with those of White males and females. Unexpectedly, the imported respirator performed better than the domestic respirators. Males were found to achieve better respirator fit than females regardless of respirator brands tested. The regression analysis found no common prognostic variables with the three respirator brands studied. A stepwise logistic regression analysis was conducted to find predictive facial dimensions with respirator fits. Some facial dimensions were found to be statistically significant, but these dimensions are different from the traditionally recommended facial dimensions of face length and lip width for quarter mask. To improve respirator fit for Koreans, these different facial characteristics need to be considered in the design of quarter mask respirators.

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Section: Results Of Facial Anthropometric Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Facial Anthropometric Dimensions of Koreans and Their Associations with Fit of Quarter-Mask Respirators.

et al. 2003

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“…(10) While very few studies have specifically looked at facial features as they relate to the resistance inside a respirator mask, facial dimensions have always been of interest in studies involving mask fit factors. Table I shows a range of facial measurements as found in studies by Liau et al, (11) Leigh, (12) McConville, (13) and Oestenstad and Perkins. (14) …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Effect of Differing Facial Characteristics on Breathing Resistance Inside a Respirator Mask

Rebar

Johnson

Russek‐Cohen

et al. 2004

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene

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A group of subjects with a large range of facial characteristics was asked to breathe deeply while wearing a full facepiece respirator. The facial characteristics noted were head length, head depth, bizygomatic breadth, lip length, and Menton-Sellion length. External resistances to inhalation or exhalation were varied in each of the trials. The data collected were analyzed for possible correlation between facial characteristics and breathing resistance. Although respirator resistances were found to vary, no statistically significant correlation was found with anthropometric measurements.

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Respiratory Protective Equipment

Myers¹

2001

Patty's Industrial Hygiene

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The respirator is historically one of the oldest types of equipment used for personal protection in the occupational setting. It is uncertain when the use of primitive forms of respiratory protection began. However, Pliny the Elder recorded the first known use of such a device early in the 1 st century ad . Although respirators have been used for almost 2000 years, the genesis of their technical development is actually the mid‐19th century. During that century. Despite major advances in knowledge and technology, respirator development continued slowly. Chemical warfare agents, introduced in World War I, focused attention on the need for adequate respirators. In the United States, the Bureau of Mines successfully carried out this work for the army. The forerunners of present‐day respirators began to appear after World War I. In those early years, misuse of surplus army gas masks by civilians and employers, who had sole discretion about deciding when and how respirators were used, highlighted the need for respiratory protection standards. The Bureau of Mines in 1919 initiated the first respirator certification program in the United States and certified their first respirator, a self‐contained breathing apparatus in 1920. Responsibility for the respirator certification program was transferred from the Bureau of Mines to NIOSH in 1972. In 1995, NIOSH promulgated new certification regulations, Title 42 Code of Federal Regulations Part 84 (Part 84). Knowing the minimum performance standards and recognizing the limitations of the NIOSH certification tests are important when selecting and using a “NIOSH‐certified” repirator. Achieving proper respiratory protection with NIOSH‐certified RPE requires that ( 1 ) the RPE be properly selected for the environment in which it will be used; ( 2 ) its face fitting characteristics be adequately evaluated and considered in the selection process; and ( 3 ) workers receive periodic training that adequately prepares them to conscientiously and properly wear and use the RPE. Three recognized standard‐producing groups have produced guidance or standards on establishing and maintaining the elements of a good respiratory protection program. They are: The American National Standards Institute (ANSI), The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), and The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). The primary objective of industrial hygiene is to prevent contaminants from escaping into the atmosphere. Hazard control should start at the outset of process, equipment, and plant design stages so those potential exposure sources can be engineered out. But very often exposure control becomes an issue after the process(es) are operational and therefore control becomes a more difficult and costly proposition. However, even then consideration should be given to the use of effective engineering controls to eliminate and/or reduce exposure to respiratory hazards. The preferred priority of controls steps are ( 1 ) substitution of a less toxic substance, ( 2 ) encapsulation or isolation of the process, ( 3 ) use of local exhaust ventilation or general ventilation in conjunction with filters and scrubbers to control the effluents, ( 4 ) use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Respiratory protective equipment should be used only when all higher priority control steps are not technically or financially feasible. Real world circumstances however demonstrate that engineering controls often do not reduce exposures sufficiently to eliminate a respiratory hazard. As a result respiratory protective equipment (RPE) becomes the only technically and economically feasible adjunct to engineering controls to minimize and control respiratory exposures. According to recent estimates reported by the OSHA Office of Regulatory Analysis, roughly 5 million workers, 19–20% of the mining/manufacturing/ construction workforce, in 1.3 million establishments use or have access to some type of respiratory protective equipment. Thus, RPE continues to be an important component in many respiratory exposure control plans. As a result, selection, use and evaluation of RPE have become more important as well.

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Determination of critical anthropometric parameters for design of respirators

Cited by 23 publications

References 0 publications

Facial Anthropometric Dimensions of Koreans and Their Associations with Fit of Quarter-Mask Respirators.

Facial Anthropometric Dimensions of Koreans and Their Associations with Fit of Quarter-Mask Respirators.

Effect of Differing Facial Characteristics on Breathing Resistance Inside a Respirator Mask

Respiratory Protective Equipment

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