“…Some traditional methods, such as mass spectrometry [19,20], quartz crystal mass monitor [21], titrimetric methods [22], gas chromatography [23], electrochemical methods [24], atomic absorption spectrometry [25], and flow injection analysis technique [26,27], have been developed for quantitative analysis of CN e . However, these methods are limited because of their complex processes, time-consuming nature, and reliance on expensive equipment and trained operators.…”