Determination of Cyanide Content in Three Sweet Cassava Cultivars in Three Local Government Areas of Benue State, Nigeria

Ubwa, Simon Terver; Otache, Monday Abel; Igbum, Gillian Ogbene; Shambe, Tseaa

doi:10.4236/fns.2015.612112

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…over 12 months after planting. The results are, however, comparing well with those reported by Ubwa et al (2015). The accepted hydrogen cyanide levels by codex standards Codex, (1989) is up to 10mg/Kg that is equivalent to 10ppm Endmemo, (2017) On the other hand hydrogen cyanide levels that were reported to be endemic with reference to Konzo disease, were between 47 and 614 mg/kg Rijssen hydrogen cyanide range of between 9.3 mg/kg and 12 mg/kg -conversion done using Endmemo (2017) convertor table.…”

Section: Dry Matter and Starch Contentsupporting

confidence: 90%

Influence of Crop Age on Nutritional Quality and Hydrogen Cyanide Levels of Roots from Popular Coastal Kenyan Cassava Varieties

2019

FSQM

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Cassava is an important crop in coastal Kenya commonly harvested at 12 months after planting but earlier during food shortages. There is limited information that addresses the effect of early harvesting on root quality especially for newly released varieties. Varieties Tajirika, Karembo and Kibanda Meno (roots) were harvested at different ages from Research Centres, studied for nutritional quality and hydrogen cyanide levels for safe utilization. Results showed significant (p < 0.05) interaction effect of varieties and crop age on studied nutrients. Karembo and Tajirika had peak dry matter of 43.42% and 41.42% respectively at 12 months while the peak for Kibanda Meno was 44.99% at 9 months. Mean starch content varied with variety; Karembo (91.3%), Kibanda Meno (93.4%), and Tajirika (85.5%). Karembo and Tajirika had peak carbohydrates at 12 months while the peak for Kibanda Meno was at 9 months. Vitamin C was highest at 6 months for Karembo (6.4 mg/100g) and Kibanda Meno (66 mg/100g). Tajirika had highest vitamin C (7.0 mg/100g) at 9 months. Iron was peak at 3 months for Karembo (3.63 mg/100g) and Tajirika (5.33 mg/100g) but at 9 months for Kibanda Meno (7.12 mg/100g). Peak Zinc was 2.1 mg/100g for Karembo at 6 months while for Kibanda Meno (1.94 mg/ 100g) and Tajirika (1.75mg /100g) at 12 months. Hydrogen cyanide increased from 8.6 to 9.3 mg/kg in Karembo between 9 and 12 months, it decreased from 7.8 to 5.2 mg/kg and from 5.1 to 4.5 mg/kg in Tajirika and Kibanda Meno, respectively. Harvesting of cassava roots should be staggered across crop ages to maximize on peaks of different root nutrients and processing is important. 33 1. 2 Proximate compositionThere was significant (p < 0.05) difference in carbohydrate content accumulation for the improved varieties and Kibandameno -the local variety. The improved varieties had peak accumulation of carbohydrates at 12 months while Kibanda Meno had its peak at 9 months after planting. Crop age 6 to 9 months had significant (p < 0.05) effect on carbohydrate content of Kibanda Meno and Tajirika. Tajirika had the highest increase in this age range at 31.8%. The carbohydrate content of Karembo was 37.6% at 9 months and 40.5% (dwd) at 12 months after planting (Table 1). These results are within the range of carbohydrates contents that was reported by Richardson, (2013) who tested six mature improved varieties harvested at between 12 and 13 months after planting. The six varieties evaluated by Richardson, (2013) had carbohydrates content of between 26.3 % and 39.6 % (dwb). However, the nutritional content of cassava depends on geographic location, variety, age of the plant and the specific plant part (root or leaves) and environmental conditions Salvador et al. (2014); Bechoff et al. (2018); Burns et al. (2012)Crop age had significant (p < 0.05) effect that resulted to change in energy content of cassava roots between 3 and 12 months after planting. There was 17.9 %, 41.3% and 40.1% increase in energy (kcal/100 g dry weight) content, for Karembo, Kibanda Meno and Tajirika, respe...

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Section: Dry Matter and Starch Contentsupporting

confidence: 90%

Influence of Crop Age on Nutritional Quality and Hydrogen Cyanide Levels of Roots from Popular Coastal Kenyan Cassava Varieties

2019

FSQM

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“…al., 2017). Sweet potato can play a very important role in food security strategy for Nigeria since it is drought resistant, it is a relatively short term crop with flexible time of harvest allowing a high degree of flexibility in food security strategy and it also improves the yield of maize in a crop rotation compared to continuous maize production (Ubwa et al, 2015). Research has shown that rotating sweet potato with maize improves farmers' incomes through higher yields of maize as well as income from sweet potato (Odendo and Ndolo, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Value Addition on Farm Income of Sweet Potato Farmers in Kwara State, Nigeria

Alalade¹,

Oladunni²,

Adisa³

et al. 2019

jae

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The study examined the effect of value addition on farm income of sweet potato-based farmers in Kwara State, Nigeria. A three-stage sampling procedure was employed to select 145 respondents. Structured questionnaire coupled with interview schedule were used to collect primary data. Multiple regression was used to analyse the effect of different value addition activities on income received from sweet potatoes. Also, marginal effects were obtained to analyse the effect of each independent variable separately on income. Findings revealed that farmers who engaged in value adding activities had higher income than those that sell at farm gate. In addition, farmer marketing groups had a stronger bargaining power in the market compared to farmers selling individually. The major factors influencing farm income of sweet potato based farmers are; access to trainings, family size, farm size and the stages of value addition. The ministry of agriculture through the ADPs should work more closely with the research and training institutes in the country to sensitize farmers on the need to form more farmer groups or join the different developmental programmes of government. Through these groups, useful information about trainings on new vine varieties, value addition, prices and limitless market opportunities are disseminated.

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“…The categorization of sample tubers and varieties into sweet and bitter lines calls for conscious consideration of methods appropriate for reducing cyanide in consumables to acceptable levels. Tubers in sweet cassava form need be boiled prior to human consumption (Cardoso, 2004;FSANZ, 2004;Ubwa et al, 2015). For bitter ones, a more effective process for depleting cyanide than mere boiling is required before being cooked for human use (Ernesto et al, 2002;Cardoso et al, 2004;Nzwalo and Cliff, 2011).…”

Section: Cyanide Levels In Cassava Tubers and Varietiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a perennial crop native to tropical America (Allem, 1994) and an important and cheap source of carbohydrate in tropical and sub-tropical regions, particularly in Sub-Sahara Africa. The cassava plant grows faster compares to other crops (Nhassico et al, 2008;Tivana et al, 2014;Ubwa et al, 2015) and has remarkable ability to withstand harsh climatic conditions. These two qualities have made the diverse edible varieties of cassava to be an outstanding crop that saves at least 500 million of human lives from hunger worldwide.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Risk factors associated with cyanide poisoning include: the existence of a large number of cassava varieties (bitter and sweet) which differ in cyanide levels, stage of maturity, soil type (Cardoso et al, 2004;Famurewa and Emuekele, 2014;Ubwa et al, 2015) as well as the habit of consuming raw cassava tubers by some communities. Although cyanide levels in cassava tubers can be reduced using simple traditional methods such as boiling, roasting, drying, grating, soaking and fermentation (Ernesto et al, 2002;Nzwalo and Cliff, 2011), consumption of raw cassava tubers is being practiced probably due to lack of awareness of potential dangers of cyanide poisoning.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cyanide in Cassava Varieties and People’s Perception on Cyanide Poisoning in Selected Regions of Tanzania

Mushumbusi

Max²,

Bakari³

et al. 2020

JAS

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Cassava, an important food crop in the tropical regions of the world, is known to carry varying levels of cyanogenic glucosides that are potential poison to humans. In Tanzania, cases of cyanide poisoning have been reported in many cassava producing areas. This study was launched to quantify cyanide in fresh tubers of so called “sweet” cassava varieties and to gauge peoples’ perception on cyanide poisoning in Kagera and Morogoro regions. The study employed a questionnaire survey and a cross-sectional research design to identify different cassava varieties and their cyanide content using alkaline titration method. Findings showed that cyanide content in all of the analyzed tubers were above the internationally accepted levels in human consumables. Some sweet varieties were found to be wrongly classified as sweet because their cyanide content was above acceptable limits. For the same variety tubers sampled from a lowland area had significantly higher (P < 0.01) cyanide content than those from a highland point. It was also found that the upper (slippery) parenchymal tissue had more cyanide content (P < 0.05) than the inner tissue. Nearly 80% of the studied population was unaware of cyanide poisoning, its health effects and how to reduce cyanide content prior to consumption. It is concluded that consumption of raw cassava tubers can lead to undesirable health effects despite of some of them being categorized as sweet. The public should be sensitized on the issues of cyanide in cassava and should avoid consuming raw cassava tubers as preventive measures against cyanide poisoning.

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Determination of Cyanide Content in Three Sweet Cassava Cultivars in Three Local Government Areas of Benue State, Nigeria

Abstract: Abstract

Cited by 10 publications

References 22 publications

Influence of Crop Age on Nutritional Quality and Hydrogen Cyanide Levels of Roots from Popular Coastal Kenyan Cassava Varieties

Influence of Crop Age on Nutritional Quality and Hydrogen Cyanide Levels of Roots from Popular Coastal Kenyan Cassava Varieties

Effect of Value Addition on Farm Income of Sweet Potato Farmers in Kwara State, Nigeria

Cyanide in Cassava Varieties and People’s Perception on Cyanide Poisoning in Selected Regions of Tanzania

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