Determination of Cyanide in Whole Blood by Capillary Gas Chromatography with Cryogenic Oven Trapping

Abstract

Cyanide, one of the most important toxic substances, has been found measurable with high sensitivity by capillary gas chromatography (GC) with cryogenic oven trapping upon injection of headspace (HS) vapor samples. The entire amount of cyanide in the HS sample could be cryogenically trapped prior to on-line GC analysis. A 0.5-mL volume of blood in the presence or absence of cyanide and propionitrile (internal standard, IS) was added to a vial containing 0.25 mL of distilled water, 0.3 g of Na2-SO4, 0.2 mL of 50% H3PO4, and 0.1 g of ascorbic acid (when needed), and the mixture was heated at 70 degrees C for 15 min. A 5-mL volume of the HS vapor was introduced into a GC capillary column in the splitless mode at -30 degrees C oven temperature that was programmed up to 160 degrees C for GC analysis with nitrogen-phosphorus detection. A sharp peak was obtained for cyanide under the present conditions, and backgrounds were very clean. The extraction efficiencies of cyanide and IS were 2.89-3.22 (100 or 500 ng/mL) and 2.42%, respectively. The calibration curve showed good linearity in the range of 25-1000 ng/mL and the detection limit was approximately 2 ng/mL. The coefficients of intraday and interday variations were 2.9 and 11.8%, respectively. The mean blood cyanide level measured for actual fire victims was 687 +/- 597 ng/mL (mean +/- SD, n = 9). Endogenous blood cyanide concentration for healthy subjects was 8.41 +/- 3.09 ng/mL (mean +/- SD, n = 6).

Determination of Cyanide in Blood by Isotope-Dilution Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry

“…The evolved HCN is either absorbed in a basic solution or sampled directly from the headspace before detection. Detection has been based on colorimetry (8 ), fluorometry (2,9 ), HPLC-mass spectrometry (MS) (10 ), and gas chromatography (GC) with electron capture (11,12 ), nitrogen-phosphorus (5,(13)(14)(15), and MS detection (16,17 ). The determination of CN by equilibrium headspace analysis appears most efficient, with analysis times ranging from 17 to 40 min per sample; however, accurate analysis depends on a matched, interference-free response between CN and an internal standard.…”

Determination of the cyanide metabolite 2-aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid in urine and plasma by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

“…Introduction seen in Fig. 1, three major markers of cyanide exposure appear in the blood or urine of exposed individuals: cyanide Exposure to cyanide can occur by a number of scenarion (CN-), thiocyanate (SCN-), and 2-aminothiazoline-4-ios, including the use of cyanide as a chemical warfare agent carboxylic acid (ATCA) or its tautomer 2-iminothiazolidine-(CWA) [1][2][3][4][5]. The analysis of biological matrices, specifi-4-carboxylic acid (ITCA).…”

Inhibition of Rhodamine B-Ferricyanide Chemiluminescence by Gold Nanoparticles and Sensitive Determination of Hazardous Cyanide

“…16 People who work in the metal industry or exposed to smoke from both residential and industrial fires are at risk of cyanide poisoning. 17,18 Thus, developing methods for rapid, highly sensitive, and selective detection of CN -in environmental and biological samples is extremely essential for human life safety. Several methods have been reported for monitoring CN -pollution, including: optical, [13][14][15][18][19][20] chromatographic 17,15,21 and electrochemical 15,22 methods.…”