Determination of cyanuric acid levels in swimming pool waters by u.v. absorbance, HPLC and melamine cyanurate precipitation

Downes, Colin J.; Mitchell, James W.; Viotto, E.S.; Eggers, Nigel J.

doi:10.1016/0043-1354(84)90100-3

Cited by 37 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 1 publication

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Various analytical techniques such as titrimetry [3], turbidimetry [4], colorimetry [5], pulse polarography [6], gas chromatography (GC) [7], high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [1,2,4,[8][9][10][11] have been investigated in the detection of complex triazine compounds. HPLC methods have been described for the characterization of the analytes with detection limits of the order of mg dm −3 , but no preconcentration method was available till the introduction of porous graphitic carbon (PGC) in the 1990s [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RETRACTED: Adsorption of cyanuric acid on activated carbon from aqueous solution: Effect of carbon surface modification and thermodynamic characteristics

Pal

Lee

Kim

et al. 2006

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RETRACTED: Adsorption of cyanuric acid on activated carbon from aqueous solution: Effect of carbon surface modification and thermodynamic characteristics

Pal

Lee

Kim

et al. 2006

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…1D) is structurally related to melamine and used as a stabilizer in outdoor swimming pools and hot tubs to minimize the decomposition of hypochlorous acid by light. 9 However, only limited data on the toxicity of cyanuric acid to mammals exist. Sodium cyanurate fed subchronically to rats and mice at up to 700 mg/kg and 2,200 mg/kg, respectively, caused bladder calculi and some associated bladder epithelial changes but no other adverse effects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Melamine and Cyanuric Acid Toxicity in Cats

et al. 2007

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. The major pet food recall associated with acute renal failure in dogs and cats focused initially on melamine as the suspect toxicant. In the course of the investigation, cyanuric acid was identified in addition to melamine in the offending food. The purpose of this study was to characterize the toxicity potential of melamine, cyanuric acid, and a combination of melamine and cyanuric acid in cats. In this pilot study, melamine was added to the diet of 2 cats at 0.5% and 1%, respectively. Cyanuric acid was added to the diet of 1 cat at increasing doses of 0.2%, 0.5%, and 1% over the course of 10 days. Melamine and cyanuric acid were administered together at 0%, 0.2%, 0.5%, and 1% to 1 cat per dose group. No effect on renal function was observed in cats fed with melamine or cyanuric acid alone. Cats dosed with a combination were euthanized at 48 hours after dosing because of acute renal failure. Urine and touch impressions of kidneys from all cats dosed with the combination revealed the presence of fan-shaped, birefringent crystals. Histopathologic findings were limited to the kidneys and included crystals primarily within tubules of the distal nephron, severe renal interstitial edema, and hemorrhage at the corticomedullary junction. The kidneys contained estimated melamine concentrations of 496 to 734 mg/kg wet weight and estimated cyanuric acid concentrations of 487 to 690 mg/kg wet weight. The results demonstrate that the combination of melamine and cyanuric acid is responsible for acute renal failure in cats.

show abstract

“…Recently, reported cases of renal stones and acute renal failure have been increasing among Chinese children who were fed infant formula contaminated with melamine. According to a 2008 World Health Organization (WHO) report, 294,000 babies showed symptoms, 51,900 hospitalized, and six died from renal failure [7]. The symptoms reported to the Chinese Ministry of Health (MoH) during the melamine dry milk crisis are shown in Table 1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The analysis of melamine and the removal efficiencies in the advanced oxidation process (AOP) and granular activated carbon (GAC) processes

Lee

Han

2015

Desalination and Water Treatment

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Melamine is an important organic chemical and is widely used in industry. So, outflow of melamine into the environment has increased. However, research on melamine has been limited to research on food. In this study, to measure the concentration of melamine present in the environment, melamine and its by-products, Ammeline, Ammelide and Cyanuric acid, were simultaneously analyzed using gas chromatography time of flight. Also, for the removal of melamine and its by-products, the removal efficiencies were investigated via absorption experiments using the granular activated carbon (GAC) process and advanced oxidation process (AOP). Looking at the removal by each substance at ozone concentration, 10 mg/L Cyanuric acid was approximately examined using ozone and ozone/peroxide as advanced treatment processes. The concentration of ozone was from the minimum of 0.5 mg/L to the maximum of 10 mg/L and the degree of removal was checked by making the concentrations of 11 kinds react with each other for 20 min. The highest efficiency was shown at 0.5 mg/L of peroxide dose when the concentration of ozone is 0.5 mg/L and good efficiency was shown at 1 mg/L of peroxide dose when the concentration of ozone is 2 mg/L. At last, the best efficiency was shown at 2 mg/L of peroxide dose when the concentration of ozone is 5 mg/L. In the process of using ozone and peroxide, the best efficiency was shown when the ratio of ozone and peroxide is 1:0.5. And, if GAC process is added to the latter part of AOP process, melamine and by-products which are present in water can be removed more effectively.

show abstract

Determination of cyanuric acid levels in swimming pool waters by u.v. absorbance, HPLC and melamine cyanurate precipitation

Cited by 37 publications

References 1 publication

RETRACTED: Adsorption of cyanuric acid on activated carbon from aqueous solution: Effect of carbon surface modification and thermodynamic characteristics

RETRACTED: Adsorption of cyanuric acid on activated carbon from aqueous solution: Effect of carbon surface modification and thermodynamic characteristics

Assessment of Melamine and Cyanuric Acid Toxicity in Cats

The analysis of melamine and the removal efficiencies in the advanced oxidation process (AOP) and granular activated carbon (GAC) processes

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About