Determination of dietary iron requirements by full expression of iron-containing cytochrome c oxidase in the heart of broilers from 22 to 42 d of age

Liao, Xiudong; Ma, Chunyan; Lü, Lin; Zhang, Jintao; Luo, Xugang

doi:10.1017/s0007114517002458

Cited by 27 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Plasma and serum concentrations, and tissue retentions of minerals are usually selected to measure mineral utilization in animals [20,41]. The Cu concentrations in pig plasma in our experiment are consistent with Roof and Mahan [10], in which study plasma Cu was not affected by adding dietary Cu at 250 mg/kg or less compared with control pigs.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Optimal dietary copper requirements and relative bioavailability for weanling pigs fed either copper proteinate or tribasic copper chloride

Lin

Guo

Liu

et al. 2020

J Animal Sci Biotechnol

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Background The objective of this study was to determine the effects of supplementing Cu on growth performance, Cu metabolism and Cu-related enzyme activities of weanling pigs fed diets with two different Cu sources, and to estimate optimal Cu requirements and relative bioavailability from these two sources for pigs. Methods Weanling pigs were allocated to 14 treatments arranged factorially, including 6 added Cu levels (5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 mg/kg), and 2 mineral sources (tribasic Cu chloride, TBCC and copper proteinate, CuPro), as well as one negative control (0 mg/kg added Cu level) and one maximum allowed level treatment (200 mg/kg TBCC) for the entire 38-d experiment. Growth performance, mineral status and enzyme activities were measured at the end of this study. Results Increasing levels of Cu showed linear and quadratic responses (P < 0.01) for final BW, ADG and FCR regardless of the sources. Supplementation with TBCC (> 80 mg/kg) and CuPro (> 20 mg/kg) significantly decreased (P < 0.05) diarrhea incidence of weanling pigs. There were linear and quadratic increases (P < 0.01) in bile, hepatic, and intestinal Cu concentrations, fecal Cu contents, and plasma enzyme activities (alkaline phosphatase, ceruloplasmin, Cu, Zn-Superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD), and glutathione peroxidase), whereas plasma malondialdehyde decreased (P < 0.01) linearly and quadratically as dietary Cu level increased. Similarly, pigs fed CuPro absorbed and retained more Cu and excreted less Cu than those fed TBCC when supplemented 80 mg/kg and above. Optimal dietary Cu requirements for pigs from 28 to 66 d of age estimated based on fitted broken-line models (P < 0.05) of bile Cu, plasma Cu/Zn SOD and growth performance were 93–140 mg/kg from TBCC, and 63–98 mg/kg from CuPro accordingly. According to slope ratios from multiple linear regression, the bioavailability value of CuPro relative to TBCC (100%) was 156–263% (P < 0.01). Conclusion The findings indicated that Cu recommendation from current NRC (5–6 mg/kg) was not sufficient to meet the high requirement of weanling pigs. Cu from CuPro was significantly more bioavailable to weanling pigs than TBCC in stimulating growth and enzyme activities, decreasing diarrhea frequency and fecal Cu contents to the environment.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Optimal dietary copper requirements and relative bioavailability for weanling pigs fed either copper proteinate or tribasic copper chloride

Lin

Guo

Liu

et al. 2020

J Animal Sci Biotechnol

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“…Orthogonal comparisons were applied for linear and quadratic responses of dependent variables to independent variables. Regression analyses of broken-line, quadratic, and asymptotic models were performed, and the best fit model between responsive criteria and analyzed dietary Cu contents was used to estimate the dietary Cu requirement (the inflection point from a broken-line model) for broiler chicks ( Liao et al., 2017 ; Lu et al., 2016 ; Ma et al., 2016 ). The level of statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our previous studies have demonstrated that the activities and gene expressions of key metalloenzymes were new and sensitive criteria to evaluate dietary manganese, zinc, iron and selenium requirements of broilers ( Huang et al., 2007 ; Li et al., 2011a ; Liao et al., 2013 , 2017 , 2021 ; Lu et al., 2016 ; Ma et al., 2016 ). In fact, Cu functions in the body as a metal cofactor for a variety of enzymes, including Cu- and zinc-containing superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), cytochrome c oxidase (COX), ceruloplasmin and monoamine oxidase (MAO).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of dietary copper requirement by the monoamine oxidase activity in kidney of broilers from 1 to 21 d of age

Chen

Lü

et al. 2022

Animal Nutrition

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The current dietary copper (Cu) requirement (8 mg/kg) of broilers is mainly based on growth, hemoglobin concentration, or hematocrit, which might not be the most sensitive indices to evaluate dietary Cu requirements of broilers. The present study was carried out to estimate dietary Cu requirements of broilers fed a conventional corn-soybean meal diet from 1 to 21 d of age using biochemical or molecular biomarkers. A total of 384 1-d-old Arbor Acres male broilers were randomly allocated to 1 of 6 treatments with 8 replicates and fed a Cu-unsupplemented corn-soybean meal basal diet containing 5.17 mg Cu/kg by analysis and the basal diet supplemented with 3, 6, 9, 12 or 15 mg Cu/kg as CuSO 4 ⋅5H 2 O for 21 d. Regression analysis was performed to estimate the optimal dietary Cu level using the broken-line model. Dietary supplemental Cu level affected ( P < 0.05) Cu contents in serum and liver and kidney monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity, but had no effects ( P > 0.05) on the growth performance, Cu contents in heart, kidney, pancreas and spleen, Cu- and zinc-containing superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) activity and ceruloplasmin content in serum, CuZnSOD and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activities and ceruloplasmin, CuZnSOD , MAO A , MAO B , COX 4 I 1 and COX 1 mRNA and protein expressions in the above tissues of broilers. As dietary supplemental Cu levels increased, Cu contents in serum and liver increased linearly ( P < 0.05), but kidney MAO activity decreased linearly and quadratically ( P < 0.05). The estimated dietary Cu requirement based on the fitted broken-line model ( P = 0.035) of kidney MAO activity was 11.30 mg/kg. In conclusion, kidney MAO activity is a new and sensitive criterion to evaluate the dietary Cu requirement of broilers, and the dietary Cu requirement was 11.30 mg/kg for broilers fed the conventional corn-soybean meal diet from 1 to 21 d of age, which is higher than the current National Research Council (NRC) Cu requirement (8 mg/kg) of broilers.

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“…S2). Instead we observed a trend of increasing blood Hb and HME from week 4 onwards (Table 2), and significantly increased liver Fe concentration and heart COX gene expression 63 at week 6 ( Fig. 3D,F), indicating that 'Biofortified' chickens had improved Fe status relative to 'Control' chickens and demonstrating the importance of a holistic approach in evaluating host Fe status 37 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Nicotianamine-chelated iron positively affects iron status, intestinal morphology and microbial populations in vivo (Gallus gallus)

Beasley

Johnson

Kolba

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Wheat flour iron (Fe) fortification is mandatory in 75 countries worldwide yet many Fe fortificants, such as Fe-ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), result in unwanted sensory properties and/or gastrointestinal dysfunction and dysbiosis. Nicotianamine (NA) is a natural chelator of Fe, zinc (Zn) and other metals in higher plants and NA-chelated Fe is highly bioavailable in vitro. In graminaceous plants NA serves as the biosynthetic precursor to 2′-deoxymugineic acid (DMA), a related Fe chelator and enhancer of Fe bioavailability, and increased NA/DMA biosynthesis has proved an effective Fe biofortification strategy in several cereal crops. Here we utilized the chicken (Gallus gallus) model to investigate impacts of NA-chelated Fe on Fe status and gastrointestinal health when delivered to chickens through intraamniotic administration (short-term exposure) or over a period of six weeks as part of a biofortified wheat diet containing increased NA, Fe, Zn and DMA (long-term exposure). Striking similarities in host Fe status, intestinal functionality and gut microbiome were observed between the short-term and long-term treatments, suggesting that the effects were largely if not entirely due to consumption of NA-chelated Fe. These results provide strong support for wheat with increased NA-chelated Fe as an effective biofortification strategy and uncover novel impacts of NAchelated Fe on gastrointestinal health and functionality. Iron (Fe) supplementation and fortification are the two most widely used strategies to combat human Fe deficiencies that affect over 2 billion people worldwide 1-3. Iron supplementation involves large dose delivery of highly absorbable (bioavailable) Fe to humans and is effective in treating severe cases of Fe deficiency anemia 2,4,5. Iron fortification involves low dose delivery of bioavailable Fe fortificants to food products during manufacture (or point-of-use) and is an effective population-based strategy to boost Fe intakes. Iron fortification of wheat flour is now mandatory in 75 countries worldwide (Flour Fortification Initiative; https://fortificationdata.org/), however, the tendency of Fe fortificants such as ferrous sulfate (FeSO 4) to oxidize and cause undesired organoleptic and sensory properties pose significant challenges 6,7. Almost 90% of countries utilize fortificants with poor bioavailability or fortify at sub-optimal concentrations, although recent evidence suggests that Fe fortification can effectively reduce symptoms of Fe-deficiency anemia when correctly implemented 8-10. Iron chelated by ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) is a commonly recommended fortificant for cereal flour to minimize sensory alterations while providing Fe in a bioavailable form 3,6,8,11,12. Fortificants that utilize micro-and/or nanoencapsulation can further improve bioavailability 12-14 although the cost of using appropriately chelated and/or encapsulated Fe fortificants ($2 USD per ton to fortify wheat flour with EDTA-chelated Fe alone), and the requirement for centralized cereal processing and indust...

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Determination of dietary iron requirements by full expression of iron-containing cytochrome c oxidase in the heart of broilers from 22 to 42 d of age

Cited by 27 publications

References 38 publications

Optimal dietary copper requirements and relative bioavailability for weanling pigs fed either copper proteinate or tribasic copper chloride

Optimal dietary copper requirements and relative bioavailability for weanling pigs fed either copper proteinate or tribasic copper chloride

Determination of dietary copper requirement by the monoamine oxidase activity in kidney of broilers from 1 to 21 d of age

Nicotianamine-chelated iron positively affects iron status, intestinal morphology and microbial populations in vivo (Gallus gallus)

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