Determination of early warning signs for photocatalytic degradation of titanium white oil paints by means of surface analysis

Driel, B.A. van; Wezendonk, Tim A.; Berg, Klaas Jan van den; Kooyman, Patricia J.; Gascón, Jorge; Dik, Joris

doi:10.1016/j.saa.2016.04.026

Cited by 35 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The decrease of gloss was shown to be an accurate measure of photocatalytic oil degradation for homemade paint samples in previous research by the authors [1]. Therefore, the changing gloss during UV aging, forms the basis of this investigation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…The degradation of titanium white artists' oil paints has been under investigation in recent years [1,2]. This degradation is of interest because, while it is expected to occur, it is not yet commonly observed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Especially the early pigments exhibited undesirably high photocatalytic activity [4,5]. The photocatalytic activity of titanium white pigments can lead to several degradation phenomena, such as the breakdown of the binding medium leading to chalking, or the degradation of colored pigments [1,6,7]. Photocatalytic degradation occurs when UV excitation of an electron leads to radical formation at the pigment surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigating the effect of artists’ paint formulation on degradation rates of TiO2-based oil paints

et al. 2018

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This study reports on the effect of artists' paint formulation on degradation rates of TiO 2 -based oil paints. Titanium white oil paint exists in a multitude of different recipes, and the effect of the formulation on photocatalytic binder degradation kinetics is unknown. These formulations contain, among others, one or both titanium dioxide polymorphs, zinc oxide, the extenders barium sulfate or calcium carbonate and various additives. Most research performed on the photocatalytic degradation process focusses on pure titanium white-binder mixtures and thus does not take into account the complete paint system. Since photocatalytic oil degradation is a process initiated by the absorption of UV light, any ingredient or combination of ingredients influencing the light scattering and absorption properties of the paint films may affect the degradation rate. In this study three sets of experiments are conducted, designed using the design of experiments (DoE) approach, to screen for the most important formulation factors influencing the degradation rate. The benefits of using DoE, compared to a more traditional 'one factor at a time approach' are robustness, sample efficiency, the ability of evaluate mixtures of multiple components as well as the ability to evaluate factor interactions. The three sets of experiments investigate (1) the influence of the TiO 2 type, (2) the impact of different mixtures of two types of TiO 2 , ZnO and the additive aluminum stearate and (3) the influence of common extenders in combination with photocatalytic TiO 2 , on the photocatalytic degradation of the oil binder. The impact of the formulation on the degradation rate became apparent, indicating the shortcoming of oversimplified studies. The protective effect of photostable TiO 2 pigments, even in a mixture with photocatalytic TiO 2 pigments, as well as the negative effect of extenders was demonstrated. Furthermore, the ambiguous role of ZnO (photocatalytic or not) and aluminum stearate is highlighted. Neither can be ignored in a study of degradation behavior of modern oil paints and require further investigation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigating the effect of artists’ paint formulation on degradation rates of TiO2-based oil paints

et al. 2018

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“…The reference set was based on readily available paints from other studies containing mixtures of different types of titanium white, titanium white mixed with zinc white, barium sulfate or calcium carbonate [16,18], as well as combinations of single-pigment layers (unpublished study). The dataset was extended with several crucial samples including layer combinations and mixtures with lead white and a calibration set for the Ba-L/Ti-K deconvolution.…”

Section: Datasetmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The driving force was the need to know the extent of use of titanium white in relation to its risk of photocatalytic degradation [16][17][18]. The timing of titanium white becoming popular amongst artists is important, as it possibly relates to the quality of those pigments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The white of the 20th century: an explorative survey into Dutch modern art collections

et al. 2018

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White pigments were abundantly used in 20th century paintings, and relate to several degradation risks such as titanium white mediated photocatalytic binder degradation or zinc soap formation. Knowledge about the white pigments that were used is essential for risk assessments of 20th century collections. In this study, a representative set of 179 paintings in Dutch modern art collections were analyzed by portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Subsequent explorative data analysis was performed, supported by qualitative findings from 140 home-made reference samples. Micro-samples were further investigated by X-ray diffraction and scanning transmission electron microscopy to gain information about crystal structure and surface coating. This study reveals that Dutch 20th century artists were hesitant to use titanium white. In the Netherlands, the use of this pigment is observed convincingly from the 1970s onward and initially mostly in non-oil binders. Additionally, lead white was used until late in the 20th century for paints and grounds but rarely mixed with titanium white in paints. The study also indicated that many CoBrA artists used zinc white, underlining the risk of degradation due to soap formation. Furthermore, this study highlights the different production processes of titanium white. Through the association of titanium with niobium, an impurity only present for sulfate processed pigments, the production process can be identified. The absence of niobium indicates the presence of rutile and is thus a sign of paint stability, as well as a 'post 1959' dating. This explorative study illustrates the value of a combination of data analysis approaches, which includes assessment of spectra as well as descriptive, bivariate and multivariate analysis, for medium-sized datasets gathered at similar conditions.

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Remediation of Fouling on Painted Steel Roofing via Solar Energy Assisted Photocatalytic Self‐Cleaning Technology: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives

Fernando¹,

Ray²,

Simpson³

et al. 2022

Adv Eng Mater

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Rainwater harvesting on rooves is a sustainable solution for global water scarcity. The contamination of roofing materials due to biological organisms and other environmental pollutants limits the utilization of roof harvested rainwater for domestic and industrial applications. Similarly, roof contamination leads to several aesthetic, functional, and environmental concerns highlighting the importance of developing green self-cleaning technology for roofing applications. Solar-energy-driven semiconductor-based photocatalytic self-cleaning coatings are a promising approach to minimizing roof contamination against both biological and non-biological pollutants. However, the development of such technology on painted steel substrates for long-term outdoor applications has become limited due to the number of challenges are analyzed in this review. Accordingly, challenges, recent developments, and future perspectives of developing and evaluating the performance of photocatalytic self-cleaning coating systems for roofing applications have been critically reviewed in this article analyzing the research findings of recent studies.

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Determination of early warning signs for photocatalytic degradation of titanium white oil paints by means of surface analysis

Cited by 35 publications

References 34 publications

Investigating the effect of artists’ paint formulation on degradation rates of TiO2-based oil paints

Investigating the effect of artists’ paint formulation on degradation rates of TiO2-based oil paints

The white of the 20th century: an explorative survey into Dutch modern art collections

Remediation of Fouling on Painted Steel Roofing via Solar Energy Assisted Photocatalytic Self‐Cleaning Technology: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives

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