“…However, assessment of biomechanical exposures to lifting is non-trivial due to the multiple factors besides load magnitude that affect the risk of low back disorder from lifting. Risk factors include task parameters such as lifting frequency, duration, load moment arm characterized by the horizontal and vertical lifting height, asymmetry angle, and associated movement kinematics (e.g., trunk lateral velocity, trunk twisting velocity, and trunk sagittal angle) (Shannon, 1978;Herrin et al, 1974;Waters et al, 1994;Davis & Marras, 2005). Assessing biomechanical exposures and low back disorder risk associated with lifting-lowering is particularly challenging in non-repetitive work conditions where the magnitude, repetition and duration of activity may differ between workers and within worker across time.…”