Determination of Ephedrine Alkaloids in Dietary Supplements and Botanicals by Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Collaborative Study

Trujillo, William A; Sorenson, Wendy R

doi:10.1093/jaoac/86.4.657

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The AOAC official method 2003.13 uses HPLC with UV detection. This method determines ephedrine and pseudoephedrine in the presence of norephedrine, norpseudoephedrine, methylephedrine and methylpseudoephedrine in botanicals and food supplements (Roman et al, 2004), while the other inter-laboratory validated method is a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of the above mentioned six ephedrine-type alkaloids in dietary supplements and botanicals (Trujillo and Sorenson, 2003). The FDA banned food supplements containing ephedra alkaloids of the ephedrine-type in 2004, stating they present a significant or unreasonable risk for the consumers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compared with Ephedra sinica, which contains up to 42 mg/g, the two latter species have very low concentrations of ephedra alkaloids. According to Trujillo and Sorenson (2003) Ephedra nevadensis S. Watson probably contains no ephedra alkaloids. Ephedra californica and Ephedra viridis contain pseudoephedrine, but no ephedrine (Adams Jr. and Garcia, 2006).…”

Section: Chemical Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 9 % of the cases it was not possible to carry out this evaluation. Trujillo et al (2003) conducted an inter-laboratory study to evaluate the accuracy and precision of a method for ephedrine-type alkaloids (norephedrine, norpseudoephedrine, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, methylephedrine, and methylpseudoephedrine) in dietary supplements and botanicals. The amount of ephedrine-type alkaloids present was determined using liquid chromatography with tandem mass selective detection.…”

Section: Food Supplementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scientific Opinion on safety evaluation of Ephedra species for use in food

2013

EFS2

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The ANS Panel provides a scientific opinion evaluating the safety in use of Ephedra herb and its preparations originating from Ephedra species when used in food, e.g. in food supplements. Ephedra species contain alkaloids of biological relevance: ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, norephedrine, norpseudoephedrine (cathine), methylephedrine and methylpseudoephedrine. They have sympathomimetic activity and some of them are also used as active ingredients in medicinal products for which adverse effects are described. The use of Ephedra herb in food supplements is prohibited in several European countries, however food supplements containing Ephedra herb, also in combination with caffeine, are offered for sale via the internet. The Panel reviewed the available scientific data on a possible association between the intake of Ephedra herb, its preparations or its alkaloids and potential harmful effects on health. There is wide variation in the concentration of the individual ephedra alkaloids in different Ephedra species and in their preparations for use in food. No adequately specified individual preparations of Ephedra herb are known for which sufficient toxicological data for hazard characterisation exist. Due to the absence of adequate data on genotoxicity, short-term, long-term and reproductive and developmental toxicity the Panel could not provide advice on a daily intake of Ephedra herb and its preparations that do not give rise to concerns about harmful effects to health. Ephedra herb and its preparations in food supplements may result in exposure to total ephedra alkaloids or ephedrine which falls within or may exceed the therapeutic dose ranges for the individual ephedra alkaloids or ephedrine, respectively, in medicinal products. Such an exposure could lead to severe adverse effects, which may be enhanced by the combination with caffeine. The Panel concluded that Ephedra herb and its preparations containing ephedra alkaloids used as food supplements were of significant safety concern at the estimated use levels.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chemical Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Food Supplementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scientific Opinion on safety evaluation of Ephedra species for use in food

2013

EFS2

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“…A LC-tandem mass spectrometric method was developed by Trujillo and Sorenson to determine levels of six major ephedrine derivatives. The method was evaluated by ten international collaborating laboratories, and five Ephedra products compared using the standard method [47].…”

Section: Ginkgo Terpenesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Quality of Commercially Available Herbal Products

Ruparel¹,

Lockwood²

2011

Natural Product Communications

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Herbal products are believed to be safe as they are naturally occurring, however, this is a misconception. Currently, there are many herbal products which are not manufactured under the Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) guidelines and hence the quality of the product is not controlled. Quality can be assessed by evaluation of data on levels of either active constituent(s) or chemical markers indicative of origin of plant material. Assessment of published data on levels of quality of herbal medicinal products revealed that only a percentage of the total number of products investigated were found to contain the levels of markers as stated on the label, and others had widely varying levels of constituents. Thus few products complied with acceptable quality control standards. Herbal products are increasingly self-prescribed for the treatment of minor ailments. Patients relying on herbal products for therapeutic effects may expose themselves to either low doses of active constituents causing insufficient effects or alternatively take higher levels than expected, with the increased risk of toxicity or adverse effects, or be affected by the inadvertent inclusion of unexpected components with associated potential health risks.

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“…Numerous methods have been developed to analyse herbal preparations for the presence of Ephedra alkaloids or to evaluate the labelled content of E. sinica (Ma Huang)containing supplements. These methods include TLC (Dutt & Poh, 1981), immunoassays (Ros et al 1999;Kamber et al 2001), GC (Betz et al 1997;Hansen, 2001;Wiedemer & Thrall, 2004), HPLC (Gurley et al 1998;Hurlbut et al 1998;Okamura et al 1999;Haller et al 2004a;Jacob et al 2004;Li et al 2002;Trujillo & Sorenson, 2003;Roman & Walther, 2004) and capillary electrophoresis (Flurer et al 1995). Identification is best achieved using MS.…”

Section: Analysis Of Nutritional Supplements For Doping Contaminantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional supplements: prevalence of use and contamination with doping agents

2006

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Based upon recent sales numbers, nutritional supplements play a key role in the lifestyle of a substantial proportion of the population. As well as products such as vitamins or minerals, several precursors of anabolic steroids are marketed as nutritional supplements. Another group of commercially available supplements are products for weight loss based upon herbal formulations originating from Ephedra species. Apart from supplements indicating the presence of these active compounds, numerous non-hormonal nutritional supplements were found that were contaminated with non-labelled anabolic steroids. Stimulating agents other than naturally occurring analogues of ephedrine were detected. A major group using dietary supplements are sportsmen, ranging from amateur level to elite athletes. Besides the possible health risks associated with the use of dietary supplements, athletes should take care not to violate the rules of the World Anti-Doping Agency because athletes remain responsible for substances detected in their biofluids, irrespective of their origin. Several analytical methods have been developed to determine the presence of doping agents as contaminants. The present review attempts to address the issues concerning the use of nutritional supplements and the detection of doping agents as contaminants in dietary supplements.

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Determination of Ephedrine Alkaloids in Dietary Supplements and Botanicals by Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Collaborative Study

Cited by 12 publications

References 2 publications

Scientific Opinion on safety evaluation of Ephedra species for use in food

Scientific Opinion on safety evaluation of Ephedra species for use in food

The Quality of Commercially Available Herbal Products

Nutritional supplements: prevalence of use and contamination with doping agents

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