“…Attempting to remedy the problems of vorticity based methods, 2G vortex identification criteria such as ∆ (Chong and Perry,1990) [8,9] , Q (Hunt et al, 1988) [10] , 2 (Jeong, J., and Hussain, F., 1995) [11] , ci (Zhou et al, 1999) [12] , Ω (Liu et al, 2016; Dong et al, 2018) [13][14] , etc., have been introduced and extensively applied in visualizing vortex structures over the past three decades. Although the 2G-schemes have been able to judge the presence of the local rotational motion, these methods need an adjustment of threshold to visualize the isosurface plot accurately.…”