Determination of Estragole in Pharmaceutical Products, Herbal Teas and Herbal Extracts Using GC-FID

Ismaiel, Omnia A.; Abdelghani, Essam; Mousa, Heba; El-Dahmy, S.; Bayoumy, B. E.

doi:10.7324/japs.2016.601220

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Being a potential genotoxic carcinogen, estragole detected at levels higher than 70% in some fennel fruits necessitated its accurate determination . The mechanism of its carcinogenicity was previously explained owing to the release of 1′-hydroxyestragole .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry-Based Classification of 12 Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller) Varieties Based on Their Aroma Profiles and Estragole Levels as Analyzed Using Chemometric Tools

et al. 2021

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Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller) is a popular aromatic plant native to the Mediterranean basin and cultivated worldwide that is valued for the nutritional and health benefits of its fruits. Headspace solid-phase microextraction of 12 fennel accessions of cultivated (F. vulgare subsp. vulgare) and wild forms ( F. vulgare subsp. piperitum) of different origins was carried out for assessing their volatile distribution. Fifty-four volatiles were identified, with ethers amounting for the major class at ca. 52− 99% attributed to the abundance of (E)-anethole and estragole. Several subsp. vulgare accessions proved to be excellent sources of the chief aroma (E)-anethole (95.9−98.4%), whereas high levels of estragole at ca. 72% were observed in subsp. piperitum from Minia and Khartoum and must be considered in the safety assessment of fennel. Other volatile classes were detected including ketones, esters, aldehydes, alcohols, and hydrocarbons (monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and diterpenes). Fenchone exceeded 15% of the total volatiles in some fennel specimens, linked to a conspicuous bitter aftertaste. The members of subsp. piperitum were more enriched in monoterpene hydrocarbons with sabinene found exclusively in these, while subsp. vulgare comprised a higher content of ethers. Principle component analysis determined isoterpinolene as a special component in subsp. piperitum. In all specimens from the same group, estragole was the most distinguished volatile compound according to the findings from orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis. The highest estimated estragole levels were detected in subsp. piperitum from Minia at 89.8 mg/g. This comparative study provides the first comprehensive insight into volatile profiling of 12 fennel fruit varieties.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry-Based Classification of 12 Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller) Varieties Based on Their Aroma Profiles and Estragole Levels as Analyzed Using Chemometric Tools

et al. 2021

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“…Anethole of star anise has been utilized in folk medicine industry because of its soothing and antispasmodic properties (Ludlow et al, 2004). Estragole (4-allyl anisole, 1-methoxy-4-enylbenzene) is a naturally occurring compound which can be extracted from Anise, and Chinese star anise; flavors and fragrances containing estragole are used in food products, perfumes, soaps and detergents (Ismaiel et al, 2016). Verghese (1998) also claimed that, traditionally, the oil of star anise used topically for rheumatism and otalgia and also as an antiseptic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chinese star anise and anise, magic herbs in traditional Chinese medicine and modern pharmaceutical science

Shahrajabian

Sun

Cheng

2019

Asian J. Med. Biol. Res

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Star anise (Illicium verum Hook. f.) is an important herb in traditional Chinese medicine as well as traditional Asian medicine. The fruit is aromatic and has a strong, pungent and mildly sweet taste. Star anise is one of the many species that contain bioactive compounds as well as a number of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, having antioxidant, preservative and antimicrobial properties. All relevant papers in the English language from researchers of different countries were collected. The keywords of Chinese star anise, anise, traditional Chinese medicine and modern pharmaceutical science were searched in Google Scholar, Scopus, Research Gate and PubMed. Its seeds are good source of minerals like calcium, iron, copper, potassium, manganese, zinc, and magnesium. The essential oil of Chinese star anise contains anethole which has shown several functional properties including antimicrobial, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and oestrogenic properties. Due to all positive characteristics, such as antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, antioxidant activities, anticancer and antimicrobial properties, both seeds and essential oils of anise is promising for safe use as super food supplements and raw constituents in the both pharmaceutical and food industries. Anise seed oil contains anethol, estragole, eugenol, pseudisoeugenol, methyl chavicol and anisaldehyde, coumarins, scopoleting, umbelliferon, estrols, terpene hydrocarbons, and polyacetylenes as the major compounds. The plant oil has both pharmacological and clinical effects. The pharmacological effects consist of antimicrobial, hepatopreotective, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, bronchodilator, estrogenic, expectorant and insecticidal effects, and clinical effects such as nausea, constipation, menopausal period, virus, diabetes, obesity and sedative action. Combined with a nutritious diet, other traditional Chinese and Asian medicine, Chinese star anise and ansie seed may improve various aspects of health. More clinical studies are necessary to uncover the numerous substances and their effects in ginseng that contribute to public health. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2019, 5(3): 162-179

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“…0.5, 2, and 2.7% in Babetone, Alveolin-P, and guava, respectively. Even though no safe exposure limit has been determined for estragole, 15 its detection at such reduced levels guarantees the preparation safety.…”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolome-Based Analysis of Herbal Cough Preparations Via Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction GC/MS and Multivariate Data Analyses: A Prospect for Its Essential Oil Equivalency

2020

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Liquid cough preparations containing essential oils pose a challenge for isolating and quantifying their volatile components from such a complex matrix enriched with nonvolatile constituents and excipients. This study aims to develop a strategy integrating QC analysis of seven natural cough preparations in the Egyptian market and to assess volatile variation among the preparations using multivariate data analyses. Cough preparations were subjected to headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) for determination of their essential oil composition mediating for their actions and to assess volatile differences among them. HS-SPME is a suitable technique for sample preparation that allows for extraction and enrichment of volatiles from complex nonvolatile matrices and their direct desorption into the gas chromatography analytical system. A total of 88 volatile components were identified belonging to seven classes, viz. aromatics, aliphatic hydrocarbons, mono/sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, and oxygenated mono/sesquiterpenes. Oxygenated monoterpenes, viz., menthol, cineole, thymol, and (E)-anethole, were the major volatiles identified in five cough preparations (79.5−98.6%), whereas aromatics, chiefly cinnamate derivatives, constituted the second class amounting for 50.5 and 27.4% in the other two cough preparations. Meaningful results regarding the products' efficacy and safety were extrapolated from this analytical procedure, where artificial preservatives (parabens) were detected in five cough preparations. This study established an efficient strategy for exploring volatile profiling and defining different markers among the different cough preparations. Additionally, authenticity of listed herbal ingredients in the cough preparations was also confirmed in certain preparations, while other formulations failed to show representative volatile components. Volatile variation among preparations was assessed using multivariate data analyses in an attempt to prioritize cough preparations for usage, suggesting the preference of Bronchicum and Babetone among examined cough products.

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Determination of Estragole in Pharmaceutical Products, Herbal Teas and Herbal Extracts Using GC-FID

Cited by 13 publications

References 14 publications

Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry-Based Classification of 12 Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller) Varieties Based on Their Aroma Profiles and Estragole Levels as Analyzed Using Chemometric Tools

Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry-Based Classification of 12 Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller) Varieties Based on Their Aroma Profiles and Estragole Levels as Analyzed Using Chemometric Tools

Chinese star anise and anise, magic herbs in traditional Chinese medicine and modern pharmaceutical science

Metabolome-Based Analysis of Herbal Cough Preparations Via Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction GC/MS and Multivariate Data Analyses: A Prospect for Its Essential Oil Equivalency

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