Determination of ethyl glucuronide in human hair samples: A multivariate analysis of the impact of extraction conditions on quantitative results

Mueller, Alexander; Jungen, Hilke; Iwersen‐Bergmann, Stefanie; Raduenz, Lars; Lezius, Susanne; Andresen‐Streichert, Hilke

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.12.011

Cited by 37 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…2 Previous SoHT consensus documents 17 are regularly updated and, in the most recent issue, the SoHT also recommends to "powder hair prior to the extraction of EtG". 24 In particular, the study demonstrated that EtG extraction with water is more effective than with methanol and conducting the extraction at 60°C provides more exhaustive recovery that at ambient temperature. [20][21][22][23] Recently, another study proved also that the choice of the extraction solvent and temperature significantly affected the EtG extraction yield from hair and its detected concentration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…According to a previous study, 24 Figure 1A, where each point on the square represents 1 experiment. The levels of the evaluated extraction temperatures were coded from −1.5 up to +1.5 (ie, −1.5, −0.5, +0.5, +1.5 for 20°C, 32°C, 45°C, and 57°C, respectively), while the codes for the different extraction mixture were −1, 0, +1 for pure distilled water, water/methanol 17:1, and water/methanol 35:1, respectively.…”

Section: Design Of Experiments (Doe)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Taking advantage of their differentiation between influencing and non-influencing experimental factors, 24 we decided to focus the study on the significant ones (temperature and solvent) and develop a DoE based on a more detailed tuning of these selected parameters. Taking advantage of their differentiation between influencing and non-influencing experimental factors, 24 we decided to focus the study on the significant ones (temperature and solvent) and develop a DoE based on a more detailed tuning of these selected parameters.…”

Section: Softwarementioning

confidence: 99%

“…18,19 Several studies supported the conclusion that higher EtG extraction yields are obtained if the hair aliquot is pulverised in a mill instead of being manually cut into small snippets. 24 Notably, previous SoHT consensus documents prescribed well-defined cut-off values and criteria for their interpretation, but provided very little hints about the analytical and instrumental methods, leaving to the specialist the choice and demonstration of equivalence with the best practices. 24 In particular, the study demonstrated that EtG extraction with water is more effective than with methanol and conducting the extraction at 60°C provides more exhaustive recovery that at ambient temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…40 3 | RESULTS AND DISCUSSION3.1 | Design of Experimentpreliminary planThe goal of the first DoE plan was to test our validated analytical method in the light of the results obtained by Mueller et al,24 who suggested to carry out the EtG extraction on pulverised hair at 60°C 40 3 | RESULTS AND DISCUSSION3.1 | Design of Experimentpreliminary planThe goal of the first DoE plan was to test our validated analytical method in the light of the results obtained by Mueller et al,24 who suggested to carry out the EtG extraction on pulverised hair at 60°C…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Systematic optimisation of ethyl glucuronide extraction conditions from scalp hair by design of experiments and its potential effect on cut‐off values appraisal

Alladio

Biosa

Seganti

et al. 2018

Drug Testing and Analysis

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The quantitative determination of ethyl glucuronide (EtG) in hair samples is consistently used throughout the world to assess chronic excessive alcohol consumption. For administrative and legal purposes, the analytical results are compared with cut-off values recognised by regulatory authorities and scientific societies. However, it has been recently recognised that the analytical results depend on the hair sample pretreatment procedures, including the crumbling and extraction conditions. A systematic evaluation of the EtG extraction conditions from pulverised scalp hair was conducted by Design of Experiments (DoE) considering the extraction time, temperature, pH, and solvent composition as potential influencing factors. It was concluded that an overnight extraction at 60°C with pure water at neutral pH represents the most effective conditions to achieve high extraction yields. The absence of differential degradation of the internal standard (isotopically-labelled EtG) under such conditions was confirmed and the overall analytical method was validated according to SGWTOX and ISO17025 criteria. Twenty real hair samples with different EtG content were analysed with 3 commonly accepted procedures: (a) hair manually cut in snippets and extracted at room temperature; (b) pulverised hair extracted at room temperature; (c) hair treated with the optimised method. Average increments of EtG concentration around 69% (from a to c) and 29% (from b to c) were recorded. In light of these results, the authors urge the scientific community to undertake an inter-laboratory study with the aim of defining more in detail the optimal hair EtG detection method and verifying the corresponding cut-off level for legal enforcements.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Design Of Experiments (Doe)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Softwarementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Systematic optimisation of ethyl glucuronide extraction conditions from scalp hair by design of experiments and its potential effect on cut‐off values appraisal

Alladio

Biosa

Seganti

et al. 2018

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Toxicological Analysis

Drummer¹,

Gerostamoulos²

2022

Handbook of Forensic Medicine

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Evidence of seasonal variation of ethyl glucuronide in hair: Modeling a seven‐year data series

Własiuk

Alladio

Salomone³

et al. 2018

Drug Testing and Analysis

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The assessment of chronic excessive alcohol consumption by ethyl glucuronide (EtG) determination in hair is generally based on a cut-off value of 30 pg/mg recognized by regulatory authorities and scientific societies that guide the decision process. The ongoing debate about the risks connected with the straightforward application of this cut-off refers to the factors that may influence the detected EtG concentration. The present contribution to this debate evaluates the seasonal variation of the averaged EtG values along a seven-year period. Over 65 000 data points have been statistically analyzed to provide a mathematical model that interprets the data, gives insight into several influencing factors, and forecasts progressive data-points of the time series. This model shows that there is an annual pattern in the data exhibiting lower EtG concentrations during warm seasons and higher values in cold seasons. The estimated EtG cycles are characterized by the seasonal variation of ±2.78 pg/mg above and below the overall mean (with 5.56 pg/mg absolute difference overall). This seasonal factor associated with EtG quantification might result in a potential source of bias, at least in the regional/climatic conditions observed in the samples' collection area. Moreover, the EtG time series reveals that the change in the sample pre-treatment procedure has an effect on the modeled pattern as an abrupt increment (+38%) in the mean value of the EtG concentration. This change corresponds to the time when the former protocol of cutting hair into small segments before extraction was substituted by pulverization with a ball mill.

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Determination of ethyl glucuronide in human hair samples: A multivariate analysis of the impact of extraction conditions on quantitative results

Cited by 37 publications

References 25 publications

Systematic optimisation of ethyl glucuronide extraction conditions from scalp hair by design of experiments and its potential effect on cut‐off values appraisal

Systematic optimisation of ethyl glucuronide extraction conditions from scalp hair by design of experiments and its potential effect on cut‐off values appraisal

Toxicological Analysis

Evidence of seasonal variation of ethyl glucuronide in hair: Modeling a seven‐year data series

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