Determination of Ethylene Dibromide in Liquid and Gas Phases by the Use of Monoethanolamine1

Sinclair, Walton B.; Crandall, Paul R.

doi:10.1093/jee/45.1.80

Cited by 10 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…In the methyl bromide fumigation of dates, the residual bromine was determined by the method essentially used by Dudley (1939). The bromine residue in the dates fumigated with ethylene dibromide was determined by methods described by Sinclair and Crandall, 1952a " b, which consist of hydrolyzing ethylene dibromide with monoethanolamine in the presence of the date fruit and subsequently determining this fumigant as total bromine.…”

Section: Fumigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitidulid beetles infesting California dates

Lindgren¹,

Vincent²

1953

Hilg

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California desert region has suitable temperatures for growing dates, producing' all but 10 per cent of the United States crop. This crop rose from 1 million pounds in 1926 to 33 million pounds in 1946, just twenty years later (Nixon, 1951). In 1924 a total of 546 acres was planted to dates; in 1950 this had increased to 5,114 acres, of which 4,140 acres were bearing' (Byrd and Blair, 1951). In the same period a tremendous increase took place in acreage of other crops grown in the date-producing' region. Irrigation projects now being' completed along the lower Colorado River are resulting' in an even greater expansion of agriculture in this area. Nitidulid beetles also find the Coachella Valley temperuture suitable for rapid gTo\vth and reproduction except for a f'ew winter months. Because of beetle infestation all dates are fumigated before entering the packing house. This necessitates the building of fumigation chambers, Uuder conditions of severe infestation, grading costs mount because of the added time necessary to segregate the infested dates from the sound ones. Although the larvae and adults feed directly on the fresh and dried fruit, the loss due to the amount of fruit actually consumed is insignificant in comparison with the loss due to the presence of excreta, larvae, adults, and the moulting skins in and on the infested dates. In many instances these dates are very difficult to segregate because there is no visible indication that the insects or their remains may be in the seed cavity. These are termed "hidden culls" by the industry. The beetles also serve as mechanical carriers of mold and souring organ-iS1l1S, which cause additional fruit spoilage. In 1945, a year of abnormally high humidity and rainfall, one half to three fourths of the date crop was lost because of molds, souring, and beetle infestation (Barnes and Lindgren, 1946). This paper is concerned with the four species of beetles that predominate on dates in the Coachella Valley. The four species, closely related members of the family Nitidulidae, are the corn-sap beetle, Carpophilus dimidiatus (Fab.); the dried-fruit beetle, C. h.emipterus (Linn.)-also called fig-or two-spotted beetle; the pineapple beetle, Urophorus humeralis (Fab.) ; and the yellowish nitidulid, Ho.ptoncus Luieolus (Er.).

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Section: Fumigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitidulid beetles infesting California dates

Lindgren¹,

Vincent²

1953

Hilg

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“…Though numerous reports pertaining to the oil content of cottonseed have appeared in the literature, only a few are cited here. Most of these have dealt with analyses of commercial samples from a limited geographic area (2,8,9) or investigations at various experiment stations, where most of the samples of seed were from cottons grown in individual states (4,6,7,15). Although such investigations allow certain trends to be observed, such as the increase in oil content when cotton receives an unusual amount of rain during the growing period, the data are difficult to interpret satisfactorily, because they are limited in geographic scope or…”

Section: Recovery Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fumigant Analysis, Determination of Ethylene Dibromide and Ethylene Chlorobromide in Air

Kennett¹

1954

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Animal fats: Recent researches in the fats research laboratory, D.S.I.R., New Zealand

Shorland¹

1953

J Sci Food Agric

102

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The views recorded in the first section of this survey dealing with the relationship between the dietary and depot fats are in some cases based on the results of other investigators. In the second section the work of this Laboratory on the fatty-acid composition of butter fat has been examined in the light of the recent British discoveries on the synthetic activity of the mammary gland. Finally, the work of the Fats Research Laboratory on the isolation from animal fats of trace constituents, particularly the branched-chain fatty acids, is reviewed. I . The efect of dietary fat on the depot fats of animals The fats from animals are from two sources : (a) endogenous or ' synthetic ', made in the animal from dietary carbohydrate,' or from protein,z presumably via ' acetate ' units which are condensed to yield the long-chain fatty acids3 characteristic of natural fats ; (b) exogenous from the dietary fat.The respective contributions of the dietary fat and the ' synthetic ' fat to the depot fat are difficult to assess precisely, but useful information about the exogenous fat may be obtained by feeding diets containing fatty acids not normally found in the ' synthetic ' fat, e.g. deuterofatty acids,4 fatty acids with uneven numbers of carbon atoms,5 conjugated linoleic,s elaidic' or linolenic acid.8The composition of the ' synthetic ' fat may be deduced approximately (a) from feeding animals on ' fat-free ' diets,z (b) from comparisons between the weights of fatty acids in the diet and in the depot lo or ( c ) from the composition of ruminant depot-fat, which appears to consist almost entirely of ' synthetic ' fat.ll The fatty-acid composition of ' synthetic ' fat may be given as : oleic, 17-53 ; palmitic, 27-38 ; stearic, 4-29 ; hexadecenoic (with tetradecenoic), 2-16 ; and myristic (with lauric), 3-5 moles per cent. The traces of C,, diene and of C,,-,, unsaturated acids invariably present probably originate from the dietary fat, though the possibility of some synthesis cannot be excluded.l2 I t would seem that dietary fat has some influence on the nature of the ' synthetic ' fat. For example, rats fed on diets rich in palmitic acid will deposit less than the normal proportions of this acid.13 But the ' synthetic ' fats of pasture-fed rabbits and horses (see Table I) contain a higher-than-normal content of palmitic acid (45.8 and 36.3% respectively, calculated from linolenic acid content). Rats fed on diets with 3 3 % of fat normally deposit fat with 5-8% of hexadecenoic acid,I4 but the proportions of this acid may be increased two or three times by withdrawing fat from the dietZ or possibly by means of a hypothalamic lesion to induce obesity.15The first clear recognition of the role of dietary and of synthetic ' fat in the formation of animal depot-fat appears to be due to Callow.lB In 1935 he expressed the view that the softness and iodine value of fats in different parts of the body of the same animal, or between the same parts of different animals fed on the same diets, were determined by the rate of growth. This...

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Determination of Ethylene Dibromide in Liquid and Gas Phases by the Use of Monoethanolamine1

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Nitidulid beetles infesting California dates

Nitidulid beetles infesting California dates

Fumigant Analysis, Determination of Ethylene Dibromide and Ethylene Chlorobromide in Air

Animal fats: Recent researches in the fats research laboratory, D.S.I.R., New Zealand

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