Determination of fatty acid methyl esters in cosmetic castor oils by flow injection–electrospray ionization–high‐resolution mass spectrometry

Abstract

Objective The goal of this work was to set up a high throughput procedure for the determination of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) in cosmetic castor oils using flow injection–electrospray ionization–high‐resolution mass spectrometry, and to demonstrate the need of such analysis for the quality control purposes. Methods The sample aliquot was mixed with isooctane:chloroform (1:1) and submitted to transesterification; the obtained FAMEs were appropriately diluted using water:isopropanol:acetonitrile (20:50:30) with addition of sodium formate which served as an internal standard, lock mass calibrant and promoted the formation of sodium adducts during electrospray ionization (ESI). The principle of flow injection analysis (FIA) was applied for sample introduction to an ESI–quadrupole–time of flight mass spectrometer (ESI‐QTOFMS). The carrier solution was composed of water:isopropanol:acetonitrile (20:50:30). From the acquired MS data, flowgrams of the extracted [M+Na]+ ions were obtained using the following m/z values for individual FAMEs: 293.2451 (C16:0); 315.2295 (C18:3); 317.2451 (C18:2); 319.2608 (C18:1); 321.2764 (C18:0); 335.2557 (C18:1,OH); 349.3077 (C20:0); 377.3390 (C22:0) and m/z 226.9515 for IS. Baseline‐subtracted and filtered signals were integrated, and the list of peaks intensities was exported to Excel, where calibration functions were obtained and quantification carried out. Gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC‐FID) was used as an alternative analytical tool. Results The calibration detection limits for FAMEs of unsaturated fatty acids were in the range 3.61–8.62 μg L−1 and for saturated compounds in the range 8.51–82.4 μg L−1. The results obtained for commercial oils were in good agreement with GC‐FID data; among nine cosmetic oils analysed, three contained low concentrations of ricinoleic acid (C18:1, OH), indicating adulteration of castor bean oil with other vegetable oils. Conclusion Application of FIA for the sample introduction to ESI‐QTOFMS enabled for reliable determination of FAMEs in cosmetic oils with sampling frequency of thirty per hour as compared to two samples per hour achievable using GC‐FID. The proposed procedure is especially well suited for FAMEs of unsaturated fatty acids that are primary components of castor triacylglycerides and contribute to desirable properties of any cosmetic oil.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of Solution Properties of Sesame Fatty Methyl Ester Sulfonate Surfactant

“…The difference could also be related to varied anionic head group contributions with the sodium sulfonate group in SEFAMESO contributing 11 and sodium sulfate in SDS contributing 38.7 . The HLB value of SEFAMESO suggested that the synthesized surfactant is potentially suitable for use as a wetting or solubilizing agent in the formulation of shampoos. , Studies have also shown that mixed surfactant systems derived from edible oleochemical fatty methyl esters have excellent properties in the formulation of stable food emulsifiers as well as enhanced ability to form complex condensed films at liquid–liquid interfaces, including formulation of cosmetics, herbicides, and drugs. , This, therefore, suggests that the SEFAMESO surfactant ought to be explored beyond the potential use as a cleansing agent to drug formulation, among other applications.…”

Mass-Spectrometry-Based Research of Cosmetic Ingredients

“…Liquid products (eau de toilettes and perfumes) are directly injected, without sample preparation, except dilution using different solvents or filtration [ 107 , 108 , 109 ] (if the amount of nonvolatile constituents is low when submitted to GC, as the performance of the GC system is rarely hampered by other constituents of the sample). If the analytes occur in more complex media, such as creams, lotions, foundations, and lipsticks, they need to be extracted from their matrix, prior to their analysis, via different established methods: by a fluid (in one step extraction technique [ 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 ] and improved variants such as MSPD: matrix solid-phase dispersion [ 23 , 93 , 114 , 115 ], QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe extraction) [ 116 , 117 , 118 , 119 ], or energy-assisted extraction techniques: vortex-assisted extraction (VAE) [ 120 , 121 ], ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) [ 121 , 122 ], and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) [ 121 , 123 ], by liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) techniques [ 120 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 128 ], by solid-phase extraction techniques (μSPE: micro solid-phase extraction, dSPE: dispersive solid-phase extraction; SBSE: stir bar sorptive extraction) [ 129 , 130 , 131 , 132 , 133 , 134 , 135 , 136 , 137 , 138 ], and gas-phase extraction (headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) [ 139 ,…”

Exploration of adulteration in common raw spices using antenna-based sensor

“…Apart from these, many antenna sensors have been designed for air quality monitoring, medical checkup, food analysis, etc. [27][28][29]. However, all these methods are considered to be time-consuming with some complex procedure and complicated data interpretation, which require skilled operators to handle and use these microstripbased antenna sensors.…”