Determination of Favipiravir in Human Plasma using Homogeneous Liquid–Liquid Microextraction followed by HPLC/UV

Abstract

Background: Favipiravir is an antiviral drug that was recently approved for the management of COVID-19 infection. Aim: This work aimed to develop a new method, using sugaring-out induced homogeneous liquid–liquid microextraction followed by HPLC/UV for the determination of favipiravir in human plasma. Materials & methods: The optimum extraction conditions were attained using 500 μl of tetrahydrofuran as an extractant and 1400 mg of fructose as a phase-separating agent. Results: The developed method was validated according to the US FDA bioanalytical guidelines and was found linear in the range of 25-80,000 ng/ml with a correlation coefficient of 0.999. Conclusion: These results showed that the developed method was simple, easy, valid and adequately sensitive for determination of favipiravir in plasma for bioequivalence studies.

A gadolinium‐based magnetic ionic liquid for supramolecular dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by HPLC/UV for the determination of favipiravir in human plasma

“…Although the interest in favipiravir has been increasing owing to its role in Covid-19 management, only a few methods were reported for favipiravir determination in human plasma (Table 4). The only reported direct HPLC/UV method was not sensitive enough to measure The first paper employed menthol as a phase separating agent and could attain an LOQ of 100 ng/ml , while the second method utilized fructose for sugaring out, with an LOD of 25 ng/ml (Abdallah, Hammad, Bedair, Elshafeey, & Mansour, 2022). However, both methods required the addition of a solid to induce phase separation, which complicated the procedures and compromised method automation.…”

“…Two recent papers of homogenous liquid–liquid microextraction (HLLME) have been published for the determination of favipiravir in human plasma, using fructose (Abdallah, Hammad, Bedair, Elshafeey, & Mansour, 2022) or menthol (Abdallah, Hammad, Bedair, & Mansour, 2022) as phase separating agents. However, HLLME has limitations on sample volume, and the addition of a solid for phase separation compromises automation.…”

“…These methods are too sophisticated, not selective or not sufficiently sensitive for biomedical applications. HPLC/UV could be a selective non‐sophisticated method for the determination of favipiravir in human plasma, but it requires efficient sample preparation to improve sensitivity (Abdallah, Hammad, Bedair, Elshafeey, & Mansour, 2022; Abdallah, Hammad, Bedair, & Mansour, 2022). The reported C max (peak concentration) and t max (time to C max ) of favipiravir are 5,225 ng/ml and 0.5 h, respectively, after oral administration of a 200 mg dose.…”

Spectroscopic methods for COVID-19 detection and early diagnosis

“…In addition, COVID-19 can affect numerous important organs, including the heart, blood vessels, kidneys, abdomen, especially when the patients are not of a vulnerable age. Tremendous efforts have been exerted to slow the COVID-19 spread and to protect all individuals, especially those with chronic diseases [4][5][6][7][8][9].…”

Matrix‐induced sugaring‐out liquid‐liquid microextraction coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in fruit jams

“…Another advantage of ACN, associated with being the most popular mobile phase in LC, is that its final extract can be directly analyzed [7]. The SULLME has been used for extracting analytes of varied polarity, e.g., drugs [9,[11][12][13], phenolic compounds [10], bioactive constituents [14,15], bisphenols [16], sulfonamides [17], and pesticides [18][19][20] from biological and/or food matrices. Glucose is most often preferred as a sugaring-out reagent, since it is cheap, easily available and efficient, and produces a less viscous solution [12].…”