Determination of fiber orientation of cellulosic samples by x-ray diffraction

Prud’homme, Robert E.; Hien, N. V.; Noah, Joseph; Marchessault, R. H.

doi:10.1002/app.1975.070190922

Cited by 14 publications

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“…(1) and (2) to E = KEfVf + EmVm ( 7 ) (8) where K in an efficiency factor. When K is equal to unity, eqs.…”

Section: Whatman Paper-pmmamentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical properties of polymer–paper laminates

Prud’homme¹

1977

J. Appl. Polym. Sci.

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SynopsisTensile mechanical properties of synthetic polymer-paper laminates were measured. The laminates were constructed by hot pressing a sandwich made of a sheet of paper between polymer films. There is complete penetration of the polymer inside the paper; no voids are left. Two different polymer matrices were used poly(methy1 methacrylate) and polyethylene. Several paper samples were utilized: an unoriented holocellulose paper (a strong paper), a highly oriented holocellulose paper, and an unoriented Whatman filter paper (a weak paper). The laminates contain from 0% to 50% of paper. Young's moduli and breaking strengths of the unoriented holocellulose paper laminates can be theoretically predicted from the properties of their constituents using laws of mixtures. The mechanical properties of the Whatman paper laminates are significantly higher than those predicted from the laws of mixtures. This indicates that the polymer increases the strength of the fiber-to-fiber bonds of the weaker sheets, although it does not change the bond strength of a stronger paper such as the holocellulose paper. For the oriented paper laminates, changes in Young's modulus with angle of measurement are explained by the composite material theories if the angular variations in shear modulus are taken in to account. Changes in breaking strength with angle for the oriented laminates can be analyzed by Tsai and Azzi's theory for composite materials.

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“…(1) and (2) to E = KEfVf + EmVm ( 7 ) (8) where K in an efficiency factor. When K is equal to unity, eqs.…”

Section: Whatman Paper-pmmamentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical properties of polymer–paper laminates

Prud’homme¹

1977

J. Appl. Polym. Sci.

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Determination of paper sheet fiber orientation distributions by a laser optical diffraction method

Yang

Crosby

Eusufzai

et al. 1987

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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SynopsisThe combination of the laser and optical diffraction analysis provides a powerful tool for the determination of fiber orientation distribution in any paper sheet of basis weight low enough to be translucent to the laser beam. The coherent light beam from the laser is diffracted by the sample. It undergoes a Fourier transform from which the orientation distributions can be calculated. Measurements were made on 14 different samples of various degrees of orientation, including an essentially random handsheet as a control. The cross-direction/machine direction elastic modulus ratios of the samples were found to correlate well with the distribution functions fitted to the orientation data. The correlation curve was S-shaped, with a drastic drop in the modulus ratio in the medium range of fiber orientation.

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Determination of the orientation of mica in composites

1986

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A wide angle x‐ray diffraction technique has been used to determine the orientation of mica flakes in composites. The mica used was a fine grade Phlogopite, and the polymers were polystyrene, polycarbonate and poly(vinyl chloride). Composite samples of varying mica contents and orientations were prepared. The x‐ray method can give the orientation distribution function of mica flakes across and parallel to the surface of the sample. From this function, an average orientation parameter was calculated. The results show that there is no orientation of mica across the surface of the sample (the x‐ray beam is normal to the surface), but that there is a strong orientation in a direction parallel to this surface, the average orientation parameter being strongly dependent upon the particle size of mica and mode of preparation.

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Determination of fiber orientation of cellulosic samples by x-ray diffraction

Cited by 14 publications

References 1 publication

Mechanical properties of polymer–paper laminates

Mechanical properties of polymer–paper laminates

Determination of paper sheet fiber orientation distributions by a laser optical diffraction method

Determination of the orientation of mica in composites

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