Determination of Fluoroquinolones in Pharmaceutical Formulations by Extractive Spectrophotometric Methods Using Ion-Pair Complex Formation with Bromothymol Blue

Abstract

In this paper, we reported a new, simple, accurate, and precise extractive spectrophotometric method for the determination of fluoroquinolones (FQs) including ciprofloxacin (CFX), levofloxacin (LFX), and ofloxacin (OFX) in pharmaceutical formulations. The proposed method is based on the ion-pair formation complexes between FQs and an anionic dye, bromothymol blue (BTB), in acidic medium. The yellow-colored complexes which were extracted into chloroform were measured at the wavelengths of 420, 415, and 418 nm for CFX, LFX, and OFX, respectively. Some effective conditions such as pH, dye concentration, shaking time, and organic solvents were also systematically studied. Very good limit of detection (LOD) of 0.084 µg/mL, 0.101 µg/mL, and 0.105 µg/mL were found for CFX, LFX, and OFX, respectively. The stoichiometry of the complexes formed between FQs and BTB determined by Job's method of continuous variation was 1 : 1. No interference was observed from common excipients occurred in pharmaceutical formulations. The proposed method has been successfully applied to determine the FQs in some pharmaceutical products. A good agreement between extractive spectrophotometric method with high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) for the determination of FQs in some real samples demonstrates that the proposed method is suitable to quantify FQs in pharmaceutical formulations.

Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Functionalized Activated Carbon and Its Applications in Arsenic Adsorption

“…Table 6 also indicates that the well-fitting of As(V) adsorption resulting from the pseudo-second-order model yielded very high determination coefficients ( R 2 > 0.99) as compared with the pseudo-first order plot. It also indicated that the chemisorption as the rate-limiting mechanism took place during the adsorption by FAC surface rather than physisorption [ 2 , 5 , 19 ].…”

“…At that time, it was named product of Jabir, an odorless, tasteless toxic that could kill people very quickly without leaving any trace in the human body [ 3 , 4 ]. The median lethal dose of LD 50 (50% of laboratory tested animals have died) of arsenic is 763 mg per kilogram of body weight (via diet) and 13 mg per kilogram of body weight (via injection) [ 5 ]. However, arsenic is still not as toxic as its oxidizing compounds, such as arsenic trioxide (As 2 O 3 ).…”

Micellar Enhanced Spectrofluorimetric Quantification of Gemifloxacin Mesylate in Pharmaceuticals and Bio-fluids

“…8 In the field of inorganic analysis, many previously addressed articles extensively discussed the mode of formation, the sensitivity and selectivity improvement of both ternary complex types. 9,10 However, to enhance the sensitivity of organic complex system, a binary ion-pair complex was formed by producing organic compound-organic dye interaction, 11,12 but this method is convoluted and requires an extraction procedure. The previously documented methods for the determination of GFX included different spectroscopic and separation techniques.…”

Quinolone Resistance of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Revealed through Genome and Transcriptome Analyses

“…Treatment of APP is challenging because of the emergence of drug-resistant phenotypes and various drug resistance mechanisms [ 3 ]. Fluoroquinolones are important antibiotics used to treat gram-negative bacterial infections in both human and veterinary medicine [ 4 ]; however, therapeutic options against APP are limited by the emergence of quinolone-resistant strains [ 5 , 6 ].…”