Determination of Free Amino Acids in Three Species of Duckweed (Lemnaceae)

Abstract

In this study, a fast, simple, precise, and sensitive hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) method was established for simultaneous determination of free amino acids in three different varieties of duckweed including Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid., Landoltia punctata (G. Mey.) Les & D. J. Crawford, and Lemna aequinoctialis Welwitsch by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Method validation was processed in terms of linearity, precision, stability, repeatability, and accuracy as well as limits of detection and quantification. The developed method was applied for quantification of 59 batches of samples. Then chemometric analysis was used to evaluate different duckweeds by principle component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). The results demonstrated that there was no significant difference in FAAs’ profile among three varieties of duckweed.

Potential Protein Production from Lignocellulosic Materials Using Edible Mushroom Forming Fungi

“…Meanwhile, FAA can make up as much as 50% of the amount of TAA , in mushroom fungi. This is higher in comparison to most other protein crops and could be considered beneficial for uptake efficiency. Glutamic acid and α-alanine are most abundant, but also significant amounts of proline, glutamine, arginine, and aspartic acid have been detected .…”

Duckweeds: their utilization, metabolites and cultivation

“…The nine essential amino acids found in the duckweed species are histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine and eleven non-essential amino acids, namely alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, and tyrosine, were also found in duckweeds (Table 6 ) [ 9 , 15 , 54 , 116 , 122 ]. Amino acid derivatives, such as citrulline, cystathionine, hydroxyproline, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and taurine, were also found (Table 6 ) [ 54 , 122 ].…”

“…The nine essential amino acids found in the duckweed species are histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine and eleven non-essential amino acids, namely alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, and tyrosine, were also found in duckweeds (Table 6 ) [ 9 , 15 , 54 , 116 , 122 ]. Amino acid derivatives, such as citrulline, cystathionine, hydroxyproline, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and taurine, were also found (Table 6 ) [ 54 , 122 ]. Notably, the amino acid compositions of W. microscopica and Wolffiella hyalina are close to the content of lysine (30 mg/kg), sulfur amino acids (15 mg/kg) including cysteine and methionine, threonine (15 mg/kg), and tryptophan (4 mg/kg) required for adults per day according to WHO recommendations.…”

Considerations for amino acid analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: A tutorial review

“…If the goal is to analyse individual or a selection of known amino acids, targeted analysis will yield the best results. Targeted analysis has most frequently been applied to toxic non-protein amino acid monitoring [132] or for detection of the protein amino acids [133]. The ideal MS/MS for targeted analysis is a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer.…”