Determination of Frequency-Dependent Shear Modulus of Viscoelastic Layer via a Constrained Sandwich Beam

Kang, Ludi; Sun, C. T.; Liu, Haosheng; Liu, Bilong

doi:10.3390/polym14183751

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…Mostly solid materials have a higher η* value that indicates the reluctance to flow. However, the formulations' η* appeared to decrease as the frequency increased, which indicates the injectable hydrogel/filler formulation samples' shear thinning [34,35].…”

Section: Rheology Study Of the Injectable Hydrogel/filler Formulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Injectable Hydrogel Formulations and Gas Chromatography Analysis of the Residual Crosslinker in Formulations Intended for Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Applications

Rashid,

Carter,

Childs

2024

Gels

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Novel hyaluronic acid (HA) crosslinked with pentaerythritol tetra-acrylate (PT) injectable hydrogels was invented. These injectable hydrogel/dermal filler formulations were synthesised using HA and the acrylate PT as a crosslinker under basic pH conditions using thermal crosslinking methods (oven heating), which provides a simple, safe, and eco-friendly method for crosslinking in 4 h under 45 °C. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were conducted to represent the difference between the formulations in terms of peak formation and pore size, respectively. The crosslinking was partial as is considered to be typical for dermal injectable fillers. The rheological properties of these formulations showed that these novel dermal injectables are highly promising, and the newly developed fillers could be used with better results for dermal anti-wrinkle corrections, shaping, and volumising reasons. Furthermore, crosslinker (PT) residual analysis was carried out to state the formulations that are valid and acceptable for intradermal usage. The results from the GC method validation revealed it was a suitable method for this study. The GC analysis of all five injectable hydrogel/filler formulations demonstrated the formulations HA-PT 1, 2, 3 and 4 were formulated using (0.05–0.1)% w/w PT containing residual PT monomers within the safe limits that were determined to be below (0.008% w/w). This work has shown the development of a novel injectable hydrogel/filler formulation for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications can be prepared in a more sustainable and simple way using pentaerythritol tetra-acrylate as a crosslinker agent, which holds great promise for the industry’s future advancement.

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Section: Rheology Study Of the Injectable Hydrogel/filler Formulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Injectable Hydrogel Formulations and Gas Chromatography Analysis of the Residual Crosslinker in Formulations Intended for Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Applications

Rashid,

Carter,

Childs

2024

Gels

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“…In this study, the research focused on a HTPB propellant with a solid content of over 70% [ 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 ], as shown in Figure 1 . Experimental measurements were conducted to determine the flow-dependent performance parameters of the propellant slurry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on Rheological Properties and Pouring Process of Hydroxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene (HTPB) Propellants

Wang,

Ji,

Jiang

et al. 2023

Polymers

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The process of solid propellant production, which is the most widely used high-energy material, has garnered significant attention from researchers. However, there have been relatively few studies on its processing, due to the unique nature of the casting process. This paper aims to further analyze the pouring process of the propellant slurry. Initially, we obtained a sample of the propellant slurry and measured its rheological parameters using a rotary rheometer. From the analysis of the experimental results, we derived the viscosity parameters and the yield values of the propellant slurry. Subsequently, we simulated the pouring process, setting the slurry parameters based on the data obtained from the rheological measurement experiment. The simulation results demonstrated that the flower plate significantly impacts upon the cutting and separating effect on the slurry during pouring. Upon leaving the flower plate, the slurry descends onto the core mold platform under the influence of gravity, gradually flowing along the edge of the core mold. Although there may be some small voids in the pouring process, the voids will disappear completely at the end of pouring. A comparison with the actual pouring situation revealed a higher consistency between the simulation results and reality, thus establishing the reliability of the simulation method as a reference for analyzing the pouring process.

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“…It is difficult to convert the relaxation modulus and dynamic modulus in practical engineering, which creates a large inconsistency in their application in engineering practice and the finite element, resulting in the problem that relevant dynamic and static studies cannot achieve mutual verification. Therefore, many scholars have conducted relevant studies on this problem [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ]. Zhao and Shen et al proposed an approximate conversion equation for calculating the stress relaxation modulus of solid propellants via the derivation, analysis, and correction of the theoretical conversion equation of dynamic–static mechanical properties based on dynamic–static viscoelastic experiments [ 25 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Conversion Method for the Dynamic Storage Modulus and Relaxation Modulus of Hydroxy-Terminated Polybutadiene (HTPB) Propellants

Cao

et al. 2022

Polymers

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As a typical viscoelastic material, solid propellants have a large difference in mechanical properties under static and dynamic loading. This variability is manifested in the difference in values of the relaxation modulus and dynamic modulus, which serve as the entry point for studying the dynamic and static mechanical properties of propellants. The relaxation modulus and dynamic modulus have a clear integral relationship in theory, but their consistency in engineering practice has never been verified. In this paper, by introducing the “catch-up factor λ” and “waiting factor γ”, a method for the inter-conversion of the dynamic storage modulus and relaxation modulus of HTPB propellant is established, and the consistency between them is verified. The results show that the time region of the calculated conversion values of the relaxation modulus obtained by this method covers 10−8–104 s, spanning twelve orders of magnitude. Compared to that of the relaxation modulus (10−4–104 s, spanning eight orders of magnitude), an expansion of four orders of magnitude is achieved. This enhances the expression ability of the relaxation modulus on the mechanical properties of the propellant. Furthermore, when the conversion method is applied to the dynamic–static modulus conversion of the other two HTPB propellants, the results show that the correlation coefficient between the calculated and measured conversion values is R2 > 0.933. This proves the applicability of this method to the dynamic–static modulus conversion of other types of HTPB propellants. It was also found that λ and γ have the same universal optimal value for different HTPB propellants. As a bridge for static and dynamic modulus conversion, this method greatly expands the expression ability of the relaxation modulus and dynamic storage modulus on the mechanical properties of the HTPB propellant, which is of great significance in the research into the mechanical properties of the propellant.

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Determination of Frequency-Dependent Shear Modulus of Viscoelastic Layer via a Constrained Sandwich Beam

Cited by 8 publications

References 23 publications

Novel Injectable Hydrogel Formulations and Gas Chromatography Analysis of the Residual Crosslinker in Formulations Intended for Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Applications

Novel Injectable Hydrogel Formulations and Gas Chromatography Analysis of the Residual Crosslinker in Formulations Intended for Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Applications

Study on Rheological Properties and Pouring Process of Hydroxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene (HTPB) Propellants

Numerical Conversion Method for the Dynamic Storage Modulus and Relaxation Modulus of Hydroxy-Terminated Polybutadiene (HTPB) Propellants

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