Determination of genetic sex by PCR amplification of Y-chromosome-specific sequences

Serrat, Angels; Herreros, A García de

doi:10.1016/0140-6736(93)90728-y

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…All athletes were allowed to compete in their respective competition. The morphological status of those whose tested positive in Barcelona is strictly confidential and it is not known whether these athletes were allowed to compete 10 …”

Section: Gender Verification For Female Athletesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The morphological status of those whose tested positive in Barcelona is strictly confidential and it is not known whether these athletes were allowed to compete. 10 Notably, gender testing in athletics has never identified an individual deliberately misrepresenting their gender. 11,12 Testing has, however, created controversy and embarrassment for a significant number of female athletes competing, often unknowingly, with some form of intersex disorder.…”

Section: Gender Verification For Female Athletesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intersex and the Olympic Games

Ritchie

Reynard

Lewis³

2008

J R Soc Med

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Section: Gender Verification For Female Athletesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Gender Verification For Female Athletesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intersex and the Olympic Games

Ritchie

Reynard

Lewis³

2008

J R Soc Med

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“…Following discovery of the Barr body in female cells in 1949, it took some 12 years before it was known that this body represents an inactivated X chromosome9; from the late 1960s its detection was used in sex verification tests in the context of sports competitions 2–4. Subsequent tests focused on the male-specific region of the Y chromosome, particularly the male sex determining SRY gene 10. However, opposition to sex verification for female athletes with laboratory-based genetic testing developed in the 1970s and 1980s, because these tests did not encompass the complexities of disorders of sex development (DSDs).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex and gender issues in competitive sports: investigation of a historical case leads to a new viewpoint: Figure 1

2011

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Based on DNA analysis of a historical case, the authors describe how a female athlete can be unknowingly confronted with the consequences of a disorder of sex development resulting in hyperandrogenism emerging early in her sports career. In such a situation, it is harmful and confusing to question sex and gender. Exposure to either a low or high level of endogenous testosterone from puberty is a decisive factor with respect to sexual dimorphism of physical performance. Yet, measurement of testosterone is not the means by which questions of an athlete's eligibility to compete with either women or men are resolved. The authors discuss that it might be justifiable to use the circulating testosterone level as an endocrinological parameter, to try to arrive at an objective criterion in evaluating what separates women and men in sports competitions, which could prevent the initiation of complicated, lengthy and damaging sex and gender verification procedures.

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“…Now, female competitors were asked to prove that they were “not male” (XY). This costly and cumbersome test was first implemented at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville (Ferguson-Smith, 1998; Serrat & Garcia de Herreros, 1993, Simpson et al, 1993).…”

Section: An End To Gender Verification?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Verification and Gender Policies in Elite Sport

Sullivan

2011

Journal of Sport and Social Issues

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Sex-segregated sports require governing bodies to clearly and accurately place athletes in two categories, one labeled "men" and the other labeled "women." Sports governing bodies such as the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF) used sex testing procedures to attempt to verify the sex of athletes competing in women's events. In 2004, the IOC introduced the Stockholm Consensus to regulate the inclusion of, primarily, male-tofemale transsexual athletes, to compete at the Olympic Games. These governing bodies, and others, are dealing with society's basic categorization of humans and thus are entangled in attempts to scientifically and medically define sex. This article will focus on the history and implications of gender-verification testing and gender policy on notions of "fair play" and athlete eligibility.

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Determination of genetic sex by PCR amplification of Y-chromosome-specific sequences

Cited by 8 publications

References 5 publications

Intersex and the Olympic Games

Intersex and the Olympic Games

Sex and gender issues in competitive sports: investigation of a historical case leads to a new viewpoint: Figure 1

Gender Verification and Gender Policies in Elite Sport

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