Determination of gold and the platinum group elements in geological samples by ICP-MS after nickel sulphide fire assay: difficulties encountered with different types of geological samples

Juvonen, Riitta; Lakomaa, Tuula M.; Soikkeli, L

doi:10.1016/s0039-9140(02)00330-2

Cited by 94 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The determination of PGEs in geological materials is difficult because of their low abundance and heterogeneous distributions and the complexity of sample preparation. Methods for dissolving geological samples and thereby for concentrating PGEs include nickel sulfide (NiS) fire assay coupled with Te coprecipitation (Jackson et al, 1990;Zhou et al, 2001;Gros et al, 2002;Juvonen et al, 2002;Sun and Sun, 2005), acid attack combined with Na 2 O 2 fusion (Morgan and Walker, 1989;Yi and Masuda, 1996;Dai et al, 2001;Qi et al, 2003Qi et al, , 2004, aqua regia dissolution in a sealed Carius tube, and high pressure asher (HPA-S) (Shirey and Walker, 1995;Cohen and Waters, 1996;Rehkämper et al, 1998;Pearson and Woodland, 2000;Brauns, 2001;Meisel et al, 2001Meisel et al, , 2003aMeisel et al, , 2003bPretorius et al, 2003;Meisel and Moser, 2004). The advantages and disadvan-bration between spikes and samples.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of a technique for determining Re and PGEs in geological samples by ICP-MS coupled with a modified Carius tube digestion

Zhou

Wang

et al. 2007

Geochem. J.

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In the determination of Re and platinum group elements in geological samples, various techniques have been employed for digesting samples, including Carius tube, high-pressure asher (HPA-S), alkali fusion and nickel sulfide fire assay. The normal Carius tube technique is able to digest relatively small amount of sample and has a possible safety problem caused by a high internal pressure. This paper reports a modified Carius tube method which utilizes a sealed stainless steel high-pressure autoclave filled with water to prevent explosion of the tube. During heating, the external and internal pressures of the Carius tube increase simultaneously, such that the possible explosion of Carius tube can be avoided. Consequently, this technique allows a higher temperature (up to 330°C), a greater volume of aqua regia (up to 2/3 of the total volume of the Carius tube) and thus larger sample mass (12 g) relative to the normal Carius tube technique. Fairly good agreement were obtained for PGE poor mafic rocks (IPGE < 0.03 ng/g). The efficiency to dissolve ultramafic rocks and chromites at different temperatures was investigated. We demonstrate that this technique is more effective than normal Carius tube technique for ultramafic rocks and chromites containing refractory minerals and the detection limits and precision can be improved for PGE poor mafic samples. The total procedural blanks are lower than 0.003 ng for Os, 0.03 ng for Re, Ir, Ru and Rh and 0.4 ng for Pd and Pt.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of a technique for determining Re and PGEs in geological samples by ICP-MS coupled with a modified Carius tube digestion

Zhou

Wang

et al. 2007

Geochem. J.

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“…The procedure that was followed during our research was based upon the methodologic approaches described in Oguri et al (1999), Huber et al (2001), Gros et al (2002) and Juvonen et al (2002). NiS FA was chosen as the decomposition step since complex geological samples of large sample masses were to be analyzed and all PGE, except Os, had to be extracted quantitatively.…”

Section: Nickel Sulfide Fire Assay With Tellurium Coprecipitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although this method has higher costs, its cost-effectiveness is better than other methods because of its good recoveries and adequate detection limits (Rao & Reddi, 2000;Balcerzak, 2002). Only Os cannot be determined accurately since it forms volatile osmium tetra-oxide with HNO 3 during the final dissolution step (Juvonen et al, 2002). Fifteen grams of crushed sample were mixed with 20 g Na 2 B 4 O 7 , 10 g Na 2 CO 3 , 3 g SiO 2 , 3 g S and 5 g Ni.…”

Section: Nickel Sulfide Fire Assay With Tellurium Coprecipitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Platinum group element mineralization at Musongati (Burundi): concentration and Pd-Rh distribution in pentlandite

Paredis¹,

Muchez²,

Dewaele³

2017

Geol. Belg.

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ABSTRACT. The mafic-ultramafic intrusions of the Karagwe-Ankole belt in Burundi are considered as a new potential source for platinum group elements (PGE). The intrusions have mainly been studied for their PGE potential with regard to PGE concentration, but the mineralogical distribution of PGE has not been examined to the same level. This study focuses on the Pd and Rh distribution in pentlandite of ultramafic rocks of the Musongati layered intrusion. The results are based on whole rock and pentlandite analyses which were incorporated into a mass balance. Palladium proportions in pentlandite vary between 4 and 69%. Rhodium is present in proportions ranging from 1-39% in pentlandite. Other PGE distributions could not be determined in pentlandite due to concentrations below detection limits. The results from this study demonstrate that Pd and Rh are hosted by sulfides since sulfur saturation of the magma occurred early on, perhaps before or simultaneously with the precipitation of silicate minerals. Based on these findings, a preliminary model for the mineralization of PGE in the Musongati intrusion is proposed.KEYWORDS: mafic-ultramafic, layered intrusion, Karagwe-Ankole belt, LA-ICP-MS, NiS FA, pentlandite, mass balance, sulfur saturation.(see further; e.g. Robb, 2005;Kennedy et al., 2013;Kennedy, 2014). A second model is the sulfide fractionation model, which is based on physical and chemical processes where an immiscible sulfide liquid incorporates the major part of PGE (see further; e.g. Dare et al., 2010;Chen et al., 2015). A third, relatively newer model, proposed by e.g. Mungall et al. (2015) is that of flotation of sulfide melt on vapor bubbles, in which the PGE are incorporated during their way up. Knowledge about where and in which phase(s) the PGE occur is, therefore, essential to obtain an insight in the ore-forming processes and hence to assess their recovery from raw materials.In this paper, the results of the investigations for the concentration of PGE in mafic-ultramafic rocks and the Pd and Rh distribution in pentlandite from the Musongati intrusion in Burundi will be discussed. The results are based on whole rock and sulfide phase analyses that were incorporated into a mass balance to calculate the Pd and Rh distribution. Based on these data a preliminary model for the PGE mineralization of the Musongati intrusion is proposed.

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“…Each of the three fractions was analyzed for their phases and chemical compositions. [7] using either lead and nickel sulphide. Lead fire assay are used for the collection of Au, Rh, Pt and Pd with the inclusion of silver, and there must be sufficient silver present for the cupellation of the lead button where Au, Pt and Pd are concentrated in the silver bead.…”

Section: Test Work 221 Sizing Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Detail studies of this reef by the following researchers ; McLaren and De Villiers [3], Von Gruenewaldt et al, [4] and Gain [5] has also shown the association of PGMs and chromite. The UG-2 and Merensky ores are the main sources of PGMs in South Africa, the Merensky ore has less chromium compared to the UG-2 known to contain about 10% chromite, meaning that most of the PGMs lost in process tailings such as flotation are contained in chromite gangue [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. In a recent study, the recovery of PGMs from the same tailings by flotation has been reported and the process showed Pt and Pd could be concentrated to over 45 g/t [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery of Pt and Pd from PGM Mine Tailings by Magnetic Separation

Rabatho

Tongamp

Takasaki

et al. 2010

Int.J.Soc.Mater.Eng.Resour.

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Application of dry magnetic separation process to recover platinum (Pt) and palladium (Pd) contained in PGM (platinum group metals) flotation tailings (Mixture of Merensky and UG-2 from operations in South Africa was investigated in this work. Ore from UG-2 mainly contains chromite where PGMs are associated with and report to tailings during flotation. Concentrating chromite by magnetic separation can allow possible recovery of the PGMs into chromite product and further recovered by using NiS-FA process. The content of Pt and Pd in the tailings was 0.7 g/t and 0.2 g/t contained in mainly MgSiO 3 and MgCr 2 O 4 minerals. A dry coil magnetic separator with its strength varied from 120 to 240 mT was used to separate the tailings into magnetic, middling and non-magnetic fractions in a two-stage operation. Up to around 2 wt% of the tailings was recovered as magnetic fraction in the final stage with Pt and Pd contents exceeding 42 g/t and 13 g/t respectively with total recovery of about 30% and 34%. About 8 wt% of the tailings reported to the middling section giving Pt and Pd contents at 8.3 g/t and 5.33 g/t with a total recovery of 5.9% and 13.2% respectively. XRD studies of the three fractions from magnetic separation show MgCr 2 O 4 and MgSiO 3 as main phases in the magnetic and middling fractions indicating that Pt and Pd are contained in MgCr 2 O 4 . The results indicate that a dry magnetic separation process could be used to concentrate Pt in PGM flotation tailings to over 40 g/t and offer as the additional resource for recovering Pt and Pd.

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Determination of gold and the platinum group elements in geological samples by ICP-MS after nickel sulphide fire assay: difficulties encountered with different types of geological samples

Cited by 94 publications

References 13 publications

Evaluation of a technique for determining Re and PGEs in geological samples by ICP-MS coupled with a modified Carius tube digestion

Evaluation of a technique for determining Re and PGEs in geological samples by ICP-MS coupled with a modified Carius tube digestion

Platinum group element mineralization at Musongati (Burundi): concentration and Pd-Rh distribution in pentlandite

Recovery of Pt and Pd from PGM Mine Tailings by Magnetic Separation

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