Determination of heavy metals in the dates (P. dactylifera L.) of Balochistan (Panjgoor and Turbat)

Achakzai, Rozia; Khan, Nowshad; Kakar, Akshay; Khan, Samiullah; Tareen, Abdul Hakeem

doi:10.47419/bjbabs.v3i03.140

Baghdad J. Biochem. Appl. Biol. Sci.

2022

DOI: 10.47419/bjbabs.v3i03.140

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Determination of heavy metals in the dates (P. dactylifera L.) of Balochistan (Panjgoor and Turbat)

Rozia Achakzai

Nowshad Khan

Akshay Kakar

et al.

Abstract: Background and objective: Dates are a high-nutritional-value food that is suitable for humans since they contain major nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and dietary fibers. The current study aimed to determine the level of some heavy metals such as Fe, Pb, Co, Mn, Cd, Cu in the dates (P. dactylifera L.) taken from various regions of Balochistan (Panjgoor and Turbat). Method: The analysis was performed using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results: The results indicated the presence of a… Show more

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2024

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Cited by 2 publications

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Health Risk Assessment and Heavy Metal Contamination Estimation in Date Palm Fruit Grown in Sindh, Pakistan: Multivariate Study

Bhatti,

Khan,

Jalbani

et al. 2024

Environmental Quality Mgmt

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Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) are commonly found in the environment due to human activities like industrialization and development. These metals are toxic and often contaminate water, food, and edible plants, leading to human exposure. This study investigates Cd and Pb levels in 68 date samples from supermarkets across various regions of Sindh, Pakistan, including 30 samples provided by companies that export date palm fruits globally. Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) with conventional wet acid digestion (CAD) was used for metal determination. Optimization was carried out by Plackett–Burman design (PBD), central composite design (CCD), and response surface methodology (RSM). Results indicated that Cd levels in export samples ranged from 0.012 ± 0.001 to 0.061 ± 0.004, with an average value of 0.031 ± 0.002 mg/kg. Lead levels in these samples varied from 0.028 ± 0.001 to 0.079 ± 0.03, averaging 0.055 ± 0.004 mg/kg. These levels were within the safety limits. However, local market samples exhibited slightly higher Pb levels, ranging from 0.15 ± 0.01 to 0.32 ± 0.03, with an average of 0.26 ± 0.02 mg/kg, exceeding the recommended safety limits. In contrast, the Cd content in local market samples ranged from 0.12 ± 0.01 to 0.16 ± 0.02 mg/kg, remaining below the WHO/FAO. These contaminants may originate from cultivation, water, air, transportation, processing, and so forth. The method was validated by standard addition recovery test, triplicate analysis, procedure blanks, and standard reference material (SRM). The average daily intake (ADI) values for TMs, along with the hazard index (HI) and target hazard quotients (THQs) were calculated to assess potential health risks.

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Health Risk Assessment and Heavy Metal Contamination Estimation in Date Palm Fruit Grown in Sindh, Pakistan: Multivariate Study

Bhatti,

Khan,

Jalbani

et al. 2024

Environmental Quality Mgmt

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Determination of Major and Trace Metals in Date Palm Fruit (Phoenix dactylifera) Samples Using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and Assessment of the Associated Public Health Risks

Tamirat,

Adane,

Tessema

et al. 2024

International Journal of Analytical Chemistry

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This study aimed to assess the concentrations of major and trace metals (Na, Ca, Fe, Zn, Ni, Mn, Cu, Cd, and Pb) in date palm fruit samples collected from diverse regions, including Afar (Ethiopia), Iraq, and Saudi Arabia, utilizing flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The wet acid digestion method was employed for sample treatment, with optimization of the key parameters such as reagent volume ratio, oven temperature, and digestion time for analytical applications. Under the optimized parameters, average metal concentrations in date palm fruit samples ranged from 205–299, 134–320, 38.8–115, 25.1–42.2, 9.27–27.9, 7.11–16.3, and 0.002–1.15 mg/kg for Ca, Na, Fe, Ni, Zn, Mn, and Cu, respectively. Cd and Pb levels were below detection limits within the linear range. Generally, date palm samples exhibited higher Ca and Na contents and lower concentrations of Cu and Mn than other metals. Pearson correlation analysis revealed very strong positive correlations between Fe and Na, Na and Zn, Na and Mn, Ca and Zn, Fe and Ni, Fe and Mn, and Mn and Ni. Strong negative correlations were observed for Ni and Na, Fe and Cu, and Cu and Ni. Weak correlations were noted among Na and Cu, Ca and Fe, Ca and Ni, Ca and Mn, Ca and Cu, Fe and Zn, Ni and Zn, Zn and Mn, and Zn and Cu. A recovery study using the spiking method demonstrated acceptable percentage recoveries ranging from 91.6% to 97.8%. Health risk assessment, including chronic daily intake (CDI), hazard quotient (HQ), total exposure hazard index (HI), and carcinogenic risk (CR), indicated CDI, HQ, and HI values below 1.0, except for the HI value for Ni. This suggests that the metals pose no probable public health risk, with the absence of Cd and Pb in date palm samples affirming no carcinogenic threats associated with their consumption.

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Determination of heavy metals in the dates (P. dactylifera L.) of Balochistan (Panjgoor and Turbat)

Cited by 2 publications

References 16 publications

Health Risk Assessment and Heavy Metal Contamination Estimation in Date Palm Fruit Grown in Sindh, Pakistan: Multivariate Study

Health Risk Assessment and Heavy Metal Contamination Estimation in Date Palm Fruit Grown in Sindh, Pakistan: Multivariate Study

Determination of Major and Trace Metals in Date Palm Fruit (Phoenix dactylifera) Samples Using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and Assessment of the Associated Public Health Risks

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