Determination of irritant threshold concentrations of multiple tree, grass, weed and mould allergens for intradermal testing of horses residing in the southern USA

Lane, Martha J.; Pucheu‐Haston, Cherie M.; Kearney, Michael T.; Woodward, Michelle

doi:10.1111/vde.12472

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…IDTs were, until now, considered the most sensitive and confirmatory skin tests for horses [16,24,26,36], and although some authors still argue in favor of IDTs [37], according to others [2], allergic horses may sometimes present several positive reactions to multiple allergens in IDTs, even to those allergens that are unlikely to cause allergies. Multiple studies over the years have shown that even healthy horses can react to IDTs [12,[36][37][38], which can frequently induce false positive reactions in clinically healthy individuals [39,40]. This may represent an additional challenge to identify the allergens that truly induce disease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Skin Prick Tests (SPT), Intradermal Tests (IDT) and In Vitro Tests in the Characterization of Insect Bite Hypersensitivity (IBH) in a Population of Lusitano Horses: Contribution for Future Implementation of SPT in IBH Diagnosis

Pessoa,

Branco-Ferreira,

Jónsdóttir

et al. 2023

Animals

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Thirty controls (C) and 30 IBH-affected (T) Lusitano horses were evaluated. T horses were included based on anamnesis and physical examination, supported by questionnaires. All horses were submitted to skin tests, Intrademal (IDT) and Skin Prick Tests (SPT), on the neck with 14 specific allergens, 13 recombinant proteins (r-proteins) from Culicoides nubeculosus (Cul n) and Culicoides obsoletus (Cul o) salivary glands and Culicoides nubeculosus Whole Body Extract (Cul n WBE). Addicionally, a cluster of six T and six C horses were also tested with Cul n 3 and Cul n 4 produced in insect cells and barley, as well as E. coli produced Cul o 3 and Cul o WBE. Allergen concentrations were 10 µg/mL for IDT and 100 µg/mL for SPT, and wheal diameters assessed at 20 min, 6 and 48 h. IDTs were considered positive when wheal diameter was ≥50% of the histamine wheal and SPT’s ≥ 0.9 cm. In vitro tests, allergen-specific serum IgE and sulfidoleukotriene (sLT) release assay were also carried out. Results showed that Cul n WBE, Cul n 7, 8, 9, Cul o1P and Cul o 2P were the best performing allergens for SPTs (p ≤ 0.0001) for the 1st allergen panel and Cul o WBE, Cul n 3 Bar and Cul n 4 Bac (p ≤ 0.05) for the 2nd, presenting a higher discriminatory diagnostic potential than IDTs, at a concentration of 100 µg/mL, with readings assessed at 20 min. Regarding in vitro tests overall, the sLT release assay performed best.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Skin Prick Tests (SPT), Intradermal Tests (IDT) and In Vitro Tests in the Characterization of Insect Bite Hypersensitivity (IBH) in a Population of Lusitano Horses: Contribution for Future Implementation of SPT in IBH Diagnosis

Pessoa,

Branco-Ferreira,

Jónsdóttir

et al. 2023

Animals

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“…6 Furthermore, multiple studies over the years have shown that even healthy horses can react differently with intradermal tests, which is one of the reasons why the determination of thresholds for allergens is so difficult in horses. 5,[18][19][20] However, from human studies, it is known that the repeatability of a skin prick test for birch pollen, grass pollen, D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus is high in symptomatic allergic individuals. 21 Based on our results, only the IDT results of D. farinae, L. destructor, perennial rye and birch pollen mixture can be reliably assessed at 30 min.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discrepancies in the bilateral intradermal test and serum tests in atopic horses

Damme

Broek

Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan

2020

Veterinary Dermatology

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Background In equine atopic patients intradermal testing (IDT) and immunoglobulin (Ig)E serology are used frequently. There is little evidence regarding the reproducibility of the IDT and IgE serology in horses. Objectives To compare the results of a simultaneously performed IDT on the left and right side of the neck in atopic horses, and to compare these results with allergen‐specific IgE serology. Animals Ten equine patients from a university hospital population with chronic urticaria and/or pruritus. Methods and materials The IDT was performed using 16 allergens and the results were evaluated after 30 min, 1, 4 and 24 h. Thirteen allergens also were analysed in duplicate with two monoclonal allergen‐specific IgE enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Results Good agreement (Kappa > 0.6) between left and right IDT was found only for Dermatophagoides farinae, Lepidoglyphus destructor, birch pollen mixture and perennial rye at 30 min, birch pollen mixture at 1 h, and Acarus siro and nettle and common mugwort mixture at 4 h. The bilateral comparison of the other allergens and even the same allergens at other time points showed little or no concordance between left and right IDT. The interlaboratory comparison between both ELISAs, and the comparison between the ELISAs and IDT, showed a good agreement for two of 13 allergens: D. farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Conclusions and clinical importance Based on these preliminary data, IDT and IgE serological test results should be interpreted with great care and further studies are needed to indicate the clinical relevance of these findings.

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“…Interestingly, discrepancies in reactivity have been reported when comparing the two sides of the neck in atopic horses in one study 200 . Two studies attempted to determine threshold concentrations of allergens for skin testing – what concentration is less likely to induce an irritant reaction and most likely to induce a clinically relevant reaction 201,202 . Interestingly, both studies cast doubt on the clinical relevance of interpreting skin test reactions at 24 h post‐test.…”

Section: Atopic Dermatitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Equine allergic skin diseases: Clinical consensus guidelines of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology

Marsella

White

Fadok

et al. 2023

Veterinary Dermatology

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BackgroundAllergic skin diseases are common in horses worldwide. The most common causes are insect bites and environmental allergens.ObjectivesTo review the current literature and provide consensus on pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention.Materials and MethodsThe authors reviewed the literature up to November 2022. Results were presented at North America Veterinary Dermatology Forum (2021) and European Veterinary Dermatology Congress (2021). The report was available to member organisations of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology for feedback.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceInsect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) is the best characterised allergic skin disease. An immunoglobulin (Ig)E response against Culicoides salivary antigens is widely documented. Genetics and environmental factors play important roles. Tests with high sensitivity and specificity are lacking, and diagnosis of IBH is based on clinical signs, seasonality and response to insect control. Eosinophils, interleukin (IL)‐5 and IL‐31 are explored as therapeutic targets. Presently, the most effective treatment is insect avoidance. Existing evidence does not support allergen‐specific immunotherapy (ASIT) using commercially available extracts of Culicoides. Hypersensitivity to environmental allergens (atopic dermatitis) is the next most common allergy. A role for IgE is supported by serological investigation, skin test studies and positive response to ASIT. Prospective, controlled, randomised studies are limited, and treatment relies largely on glucocorticoids, antihistamines and ASIT based on retrospective studies. Foods are known triggers for urticaria, yet their role in pruritic dermatitis is unknown. Recurrent urticaria is common in horses, yet our understanding is limited and focussed on IgE and T‐helper 2 cell response. Prospective, controlled studies on treatments for urticaria are lacking. Glucocorticoids and antihistamines are primary reported treatments.

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Determination of irritant threshold concentrations of multiple tree, grass, weed and mould allergens for intradermal testing of horses residing in the southern USA

Abstract: This study identified intradermal TC for multiple pollen and mould allergens in horses. These values may prove useful for optimizing allergen concentrations for IDT of allergic horses.

Cited by 6 publications

References 28 publications

Comparison of Skin Prick Tests (SPT), Intradermal Tests (IDT) and In Vitro Tests in the Characterization of Insect Bite Hypersensitivity (IBH) in a Population of Lusitano Horses: Contribution for Future Implementation of SPT in IBH Diagnosis

Comparison of Skin Prick Tests (SPT), Intradermal Tests (IDT) and In Vitro Tests in the Characterization of Insect Bite Hypersensitivity (IBH) in a Population of Lusitano Horses: Contribution for Future Implementation of SPT in IBH Diagnosis

Discrepancies in the bilateral intradermal test and serum tests in atopic horses

Equine allergic skin diseases: Clinical consensus guidelines of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology

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