Determination of membrane areas for ultrafiltration processes

Abstract

For batch mode ultra®ltration processes a numerical method for calculating membrane area has been devised with¯ux predicted from Flemmer's model. Erythromycin broth ®ltrate was used as a model¯uid. Experiments at a 20 dm 3 scale were used to estimate the parameters involved in Flemmer's equation, from which membrane areas appropriate for operations of 80 metric tons were calculated. Factors such as rejection, concentration ratio, etc, which affect the membrane size for batch operation, are discussed. The calculated results were consistent with experimental data at the 100 dm 3 scale. For continuous operation equations for calculating membrane areas have also been established. The minimum membrane area was calculated at the optimum concentration ratios of each stage, usually their values were different at each stages. Comparison between batch and continuous mode in the context of the membrane area required is also discussed. The method could be applicable to other ultra®ltration operations.

Reactivity of pyridazin‐3(2H) thiones

“…The 1 H NMR spectrum of 4d-f exhibits two singlets at δ 4.26 and 3.97 of methylene protons CH 2 Ar and SCH 2 respectively. These spectral data are consistent with the data described by Yang et al [12].…”

Nano-scale modification of polysulfone membrane matrix and the surface for the separation of chromium ions from water

“…Under real applications, the membrane area to perform the separation depends on the needed flux, the volume of additional filtrate water required for backwash, and the plant downtime for clean-in-place. However, a rough estimate can be achieved by A = Q/J, where Q is the volumetric flow rate and J is the flux [34]. In the present study, using PSf/SiO 2 /PDA, the flux is about 7 L/ m 2 h. For example, for Q = 70 L/h the required area is 10 m 2 , which taking into account the spacer thickness the membrane in a spiral form can be placed in a cylindrical module [35].…”