Determination of MIC, MPC, and MSW of Ilex paraguariensis against non-typhoidal Salmonella with identification of the mechanisms of resistance and pathogenicity factors

Relationship between the Cycle Threshold Value (Ct) of a Salmonella spp. qPCR Performed on Feces and Clinical Signs and Outcome in Horses

“…The presence of this virulence factor has been linked to the ability of Salmonella to invade the epithelial tissues of the host [ 58 ]. However, Salmonella associated infection of the intestinal mucosa and translocation through the intestinal barrier during infection is not only mediated by invasion genes; other genes have been demonstrated to be required for bacterial colonization of the host intestine [ 59 ], and several studies have shown that a significant number of Salmonella strains do not possess the InvA gene [ 47 , 58 , 60 , 61 ].…”

“…The Salmonella Stn gene is an interesting target for PCR, because it is one of the few reported genes that has been able to consistently correctly identify all S. enterica with no false positives [ 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 ]. The study of Moore and Feist (2006) [ 47 ] developed a Salmonella -specific qPCR targeting Stn sequences conserved in both Salmonella species ( S. enterica and S. bongori ) and all serotypes, and demonstrated that Stn is a valid target for both species of Salmonella , having 100% inclusivity for the 269 Salmonella isolates tested, including 255 Salmonella enterica representing 158 serotypes, and for 14 Salmonella bongori representing 12 serotypes, 96.4 exclusivity for the 84 non- Salmonella isolates tested representing 56 species from 31 genera, and a level of detection of 3 CFU for cultured Salmonella spp.…”

“…In a study investigating the antibacterial activity of an aqueous extract of Ilex paraguariensis against 32 different strains ( S. enteridis , S. typhimurium and S. corvalis ) of nontyphoidal Salmonella isolated from human patients with clinical disease, the Stn gene was detected in 100% of the Salmonella spp. isolates, while the SdiA gene was detected in 81.2% of the isolates, and InvH , SopE , InvA, and SopB genes were only detected in 37.5, 37.5, 28.1, and 28.1% of the isolates, respectively [ 61 ]. This study also suggests a low sensitivity for the commonly used qPCR targeting the invA gene in detecting pathogenic Salmonella strains.…”

The Anti-Microbial Peptide Citrocin Controls Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms by Breaking Down Extracellular Polysaccharide

“…The broth dilution method combined with the plate transfer method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the anti-microbial peptide [37]. Six autoclaved and numbered test tubes were prepared and dispensed sequentially with 2 mL of LB medium, Citrocin solution was added to the first test tube, 2 mL of the mixture was transferred to the next test tube, and so on, while 2 mL of the mixture was obtained from the fifth test tube and discarded.…”