Determination of morphine and codeine in urine by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry

Solans, A.; Torre, Rafael de la; Segura, Jordi

doi:10.1016/0731-7085(90)80140-k

Cited by 33 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…It was considered that illegal opiates had been used when 2 or more urinalyses tested positive for morphine metabolites (in the last 4 drug tests in urine). Determination of morphine and codeine metabolites in urine was performed by a gas chromatography—mass spectrometry method [52]. This method allows the identification of 6-monoacetylmorphine in urine, which can be used as a confirmatory marker of heroine abuse.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of Cytochrome P450 and ABCB1 Genetic Variability on Methadone Pharmacokinetics, Dose Requirements, and Response

et al. 2011

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Although the efficacy of methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) in opioid dependence disorder has been well established, the influence of methadone pharmacokinetics in dose requirement and clinical outcome remains controversial. The aim of this study is to analyze methadone dosage in responder and nonresponder patients considering pharmacogenetic and pharmacokinetic factors that may contribute to dosage adequacy. Opioid dependence patients (meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, [4th Edition] criteria) from a MMT community program were recruited. Patients were clinically assessed and blood samples were obtained to determine plasma concentrations of (R,S)-, (R) and (S)- methadone and to study allelic variants of genes encoding CYP3A5, CYP2D6, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and P-glycoprotein. Responders and nonresponders were defined by illicit opioid consumption detected in random urinalysis. The final sample consisted in 105 opioid dependent patients of Caucasian origin. Responder patients received higher doses of methadone and have been included into treatment for a longer period. No differences were found in terms of genotype frequencies between groups. Only CYP2D6 metabolizing phenotype differences were found in outcome status, methadone dose requirements, and plasma concentrations, being higher in the ultrarapid metabolizers. No other differences were found between phenotype and responder status, methadone dose requirements, neither in methadone plasma concentrations. Pharmacokinetic factors could explain some but not all differences in MMT outcome and methadone dose requirements.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of Cytochrome P450 and ABCB1 Genetic Variability on Methadone Pharmacokinetics, Dose Requirements, and Response

et al. 2011

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“…All of the above mentioned methods have advantages and limitations, and yield acceptable detection limits; however, they require sample extractions. A consequence of their limitations is that false positives often occur, prompting confirmation of the drug using a more specific procedure; namely Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. GC-MS provides quantitative information, suitable detection limits and specificity but requires both sample extraction and derivatization [31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct quantification of cocaine in urine by time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Muddiman

Gusev

Martin

et al. 1996

Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry

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The direct quantification of cocaine in urine has been achieved using time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). The dynamic range of the TOF-SIMS is four orders of magnitude using one internal standard concentration. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) have been determined to be 3 ng/mL and 10 ng/mL, respectively, for MeOH standards; the LOD and LOQ have been 33 ng/mL and 100 ng/mL, respectively, in urine samples. Coefficients of variation have ranged from 0.7 to 2.7 for the MeOH standards and 2.5 to 8.0 for the urine samples. The use of TOF-SIMS to simultaneously detect multiple drugs in urine is also demonstrated. The advantages and disadvantages of directly quantifying drugs in urine are discussed. Practical considerations regarding the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry for multi-component analysis are also presented.

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“…Crude preparations of Helix pomatia [3-glucuronidase contain a deacetylating esterase that reduces these two opiates, when present, to morphine (23). Suitable enzyme preparations from E. coli (22,23), Helixpomatia (21), and limpets (9) have been used by others. Morphine-3glucuronide is readily hydrolyzed by [~-glucuronidase (22).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GC-MS Confirmation of Codeine, Morphine, 6-Acetylmorphine, Hydrocodone, Hydromorphone, Oxycodone, and Oxymorphone in Urine*

Meatherall

1999

Journal of Analytical Toxicology

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A procedure for the simultaneous confirmation of codeine, morphine, 6-acetylmorphine, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, oxycodone, and oxymorphone in urine specimens by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is described. After the addition of nalorphine and naltrexone as the two internal standards, the urine is hydrolyzed overnight with beta-glucuronidase from E. coli. The urine is adjusted to pH 9 and extracted with 8% trifluoroethanol in methylene dichloride. After evaporating the organic, the residue is sequentially derivatized with 2% methoxyamine in pyridine, then with propionic anhydride. The ketone groups on hydrocodone, hydromorphone, oxycodone, oxymorphone, and naltrexone are converted to their respective methoximes. Available hydroxyl groups on the O3 and O6 positions are converted to propionic esters. After a brief purification step, the extracts are analyzed by GC-MS using full scan electron impact ionization. Nalorphine is used as the internal standard for codeine, morphine, and 6-acetylmorphine; naltrexone is used as the internal standard for the 6-keto-opioids. The method is linear to 2000 ng/mL for the 6-keto-opioids and to 5000 ng/mL for the others. The limit of quantitation is 25 ng/mL in hydrolyzed urine. Day-to-day precision at 300 and 1500 ng/mL ranged between 6 and 10.9%. The coefficients of variation for 6-acetylmorphine were 12% at both 30 and 150 ng/mL. A list of 38 other basic drugs or metabolites detected by this method is tabulated.

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Determination of morphine and codeine in urine by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry

Cited by 33 publications

References 10 publications

Contribution of Cytochrome P450 and ABCB1 Genetic Variability on Methadone Pharmacokinetics, Dose Requirements, and Response

Contribution of Cytochrome P450 and ABCB1 Genetic Variability on Methadone Pharmacokinetics, Dose Requirements, and Response

Direct quantification of cocaine in urine by time-of-flight mass spectrometry

GC-MS Confirmation of Codeine, Morphine, 6-Acetylmorphine, Hydrocodone, Hydromorphone, Oxycodone, and Oxymorphone in Urine*

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