Determination of natural radioactivity in building materials used in the Rawalpindi/Islamabad area by γ-ray spectrometry and instrumental neutron activation analysis

Environmental Radioactivity of TE-NORM Waste Produced from Petroleum Industry in Egypt: Review on Characterization and Treatment

“…It is clear that Ra-eq exceeds the maximum permissible radium activity (Ref. value is 370 Bq/kg) as reported by Zaidi et al [23]. The higher Ra-eq activity reached about 164.9 kBq/kg in fraction F8, whilst the lower value amounted 70.4 kBq/kg in F2 (Fig.…”

“…This index is called radium equivalent (Ra-eq) activity and is mathematically calculated according to the following formula [22,23]:…”

Characterization of the TE-NORM waste associated with oil and natural gas production in Abu Rudeis, Egypt

“…It is clear that Ra-eq exceeds the maximum permissible radium activity (Ref. value is 370 Bq/kg) as reported by Zaidi et al (1991). The higher Ra-eq activity reached about 164.9 kBq/kg in fraction F8, whilst the lower value amounted 70.4 kBq/kg in F2 (Fig.…”

“…To compare the activity concentration of the materials containing 226 Ra, 232 Th and 40 K, the radium equivalent (Ra-eq) index has been used to obtain the total amount of these activities (Zaidi et al, 1991). The Ra-eq index has been calculated based on the estimation that 370 Bq 226 Ra/kg, 259 Bq 232 Th/kg and/or 4810 Bq 40 K/kg produce the same gamma ray dose.…”

FFA study on Activity concentration of Natural Radionuclides of Building Materials in Pachal, Tiruvannamalai Dist, Tamilnadu, India

“…The amount of activity present in building materials will decide its use in the construction of dwellings. The natural radioactivity of building materials in many countries has been reported [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] . Natural radioactivity in some Indian building materials has also been reported by other authors [6,[11][12][13][14][15] .…”