Determination of Normal Blood Concentrations of Lead, Zinc, Copper, and Iron in Hispaniolan Amazon Parrots (<i>Amazona ventralis</i>)

Osofsky, Anna; Jowett, Peter L. H.; Hosgood, Giselle; Tully, Thomas N.

doi:10.1647/1082-6742(2001)015[0031:donbco]2.0.co;2

Cited by 34 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Although already discussed, establishing clinical normality criteria for wild rodents still requires greater studies on their physiology and organic responses (Osofsky et al 2001, Crissey et al 2004, Fox et al, 2008.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thoracic and heart biometrics of non-anesthetized agouti (Dasyprocta primnolopha Wagler, 1831) measured on radiographic images

et al. 2013

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The agouti is a species intensively hunted throughout the Amazon and the semi-arid regions of northeastern Brazil. Considering the current trend in conservation management of wild species, the aim of this study was to determine the morphometric reference to the heart of agouti raised in captivity, based on thoracic and cardiac measurements in these animals. Thirty adult agoutis, 1 to 3 years of age, without clinical signs of cardiac disease were selected. The animals were physically restrained and radiographies in laterolateral (LL) and ventrodorsal (VD) recumbence were produced. The following measures were taken: the apicobasilar length of the heart (at the most cranial height of the Carina region to the heart apex) (AB), maximum width of the heart perpendicular to AB (CD), heart inclination angle (AIC), trachea inclination angle (AIT), distance from the right heart wall (DPTd), distance from the left heart wall (DPTe) and vertical depth of the thorax, and the ventral face of the vertebral column to the dorsal border of the sternum at the level of the trachea bifurcation (H). The ratios between AB/CD, AB/H and CD/H were also analyzed. To calculate the vertebral heart scale (VHS), the AB and CD measurements were laid over the thoracic vertebra starting at T4. Radiographic evaluation showed values consistent with those reported in small animals and some wild and exotic species. The main biometric values in the chest cavity and heart of agouti are arranged as follows: (1) The ratios between AB/H ratio and CD/H were not sensitive for identifying heart increases (p>0.05), while the ratio AB/CD was more sensitive in this identification (p<0.05); (2) AIC: 21.2±6.4 o (mean between male and famale); (3) AIT for males and females: 9.93±3.23° and 8.4±3.94°; (4) DPTd and DPTe for males: 0.97±0.40cm and 0.7±0.30cm; (5) DPTd and DPTe for females: 1.12±0.42cm and 01.02±0.43cm; (6) VHS for males and females: 7.75±0.48v e 7.61±0.34v; (7) The caudal vena cava (CVC) was visualized dorsal-cranially and located right of the midline. The data obtained allowed the acquisition of the first reference values for biometry of the heart of agoutis, contributing to better understanding of cardiac morphology and identification of cardiomyopathy in these animals. Os principais valores biométricos mensurados na cavidade torácica e cardíaca da cutia, estão dispostas da seguinte forma: (1) As relações entre AB/H e CD/H não foram sensíveis para identificar aumento do coração (p> 0,05), enquanto a proporção AB/CD foi mais sensível nesta identificação (p <0,05); (2) AIC: 21,2 ± 6.4 o (média entre machos e fêmeas); (3) AIT para machos e fêmeas: 9.93 ± 3.23° and 8.4±3.94°; (4) DPTd e DPTe para os machos: 0,97 ± 0,40 cm e 0,7 ± 0,30, (5) DPTd e DPTe para as fêmeas: 1,12 ± 0,42 e 01,02 ± 0,43; (6) VHS para machos e fêmeas: 7.75±0.48v e 7.61±0.34v; (7) A veia cava caudal (CVC) foi visualizada dorso-cranialmente e localizada à direita da linha média.Os dados obtidos permitiram a obtenção dos primeiros valores de referência para a biometria do coração de ...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thoracic and heart biometrics of non-anesthetized agouti (Dasyprocta primnolopha Wagler, 1831) measured on radiographic images

et al. 2013

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“…The common practice of using normal values of domestic species for comparison may be misleading due to physiologic or environmental variations (Zaugg and Kinsel, 1997;Blakely et al, 2000). Metal toxicosis is a major problem for many avian species (e.g., lead poisoning in waterfowl due to ingestion of lead shot), and deficiencies of trace elements contribute to increased clinical disease (Osofsky et al, 2001). This survey was conducted to help establish normal ranges of metal concentrations in the liver of Greater Sage-grouse and to determine differences related to sex, age, and the presence of West Nile virus (WNv), an emerging disease of this species in western North America (Clark et al, 2006;Walker et al, 2004).…”

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confidence: 99%

Liver Metal Concentrations in Greater Sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus)

Dailey

Raisbeck

Siemion

et al. 2008

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:Greater Sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) are a species of concern due to shrinking populations associated with habitat fragmentation and loss. Baseline health parameters for this species are limited or lacking, especially with regard to tissue metal concentrations. To obtain a range of tissue metal concentrations, livers were collected from 71 Greater Sage-grouse from Wyoming and Montana. Mean6SE metal concentrations (mg/kg wet weight) in liver were determined for vanadium (V) (0.1260.01), chromium (Cr) (0.5060.02), manganese (Mn) (2.6860.11), iron (Fe) (1,0196103), nickel (Ni) (0.4060.04), cobalt (Co) (0.0860.02), copper (Cu) (6.4360.40), mercury (Hg) (0.3060.09), selenium (Se) (1.4560.64), zinc (Zn) (59.264.70), molybdenum (Mo) (0.93 6 0.07), cadmium (Cd) (1.44 6 0.14), barium (Ba) (0.20 6 0.03), and lead (Pb) (0.17 6 0.03). In addition to providing baseline data, metal concentrations were compared between sex, age (juvenile/adult), and West Nile virus (WNv) groups (positive/negative). Adult birds had higher concentrations of Ni and Cd compared to juveniles. In addition, Zn and Cu concentrations were significantly elevated in WNv-positive birds.

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“…Numerous factors such as different methods of blood storage, different laboratory methodology and species variation can lead to reference range differences. 3,14 This study suggests another factor to consider when developing a reference range for zinc is diurnal variation. It has been accepted for more than 30 years that in other species there is a significant diurnal variation in plasma zinc concentrations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…6,8,12 Perhaps this should be considered in avian medicine, given the controversy concerning what constitutes elevated and potentially toxic plasma zinc concentrations. 14,15 Previous studies designed to determine zinc reference ranges do not report whether the birds were sampled at various times during the day. Therefore, the published standard deviation and reference ranges may be narrower than they otherwise would be if samples had been collected at several time points during the day.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psittacine Plasma Concentrations of Elements: Daily Fluctuations and Clinical Implications

et al. 2005

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Abstract. During the past 2 decades, the potential for excessive exposure of pet birds to zinc has become a concern for many pet bird owners. Ideally, avian zinc toxicosis is diagnosed on the basis of history of exposure to zinc, radiographic evidence of ingested metal, occurrence of melena, detection of an elevated plasma zinc concentration, and response to treatment. However, most pet birds suspected of having zinc toxicosis present with vague signs and lack of radiographic evidence; therefore, the diagnosis relies on the presence of an elevated plasma zinc concentration. A question was, is there a significant diurnal variation in the zinc concentration in psittacine birds and could this be clinically relevant? Because studies in other species have shown that zinc is not the only element that shows a diurnal variation, the authors examined 13 other plasma elements including arsenic, cadmium, calcium, cobalt, copper, iodine, iron, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, potassium, selenium, and total phosphorus. Fifteen adult psittacine birds housed in the same aviary were used in this study. Three blood samples, separated by 4 hours, were taken from the right jugular vein in each bird. All elements were measured in plasma. Zinc, copper, and molybdenum revealed diurnal fluctuations. The results of this study suggest that interpretation of clinical samples may be more complicated than previously believed. Furthermore, on the basis of the results of this study, it is possible that some avian reference ranges may need to be reexamined.

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Determination of Normal Blood Concentrations of Lead, Zinc, Copper, and Iron in Hispaniolan Amazon Parrots (Amazona ventralis)

Cited by 34 publications

References 26 publications

Thoracic and heart biometrics of non-anesthetized agouti (Dasyprocta primnolopha Wagler, 1831) measured on radiographic images

Thoracic and heart biometrics of non-anesthetized agouti (Dasyprocta primnolopha Wagler, 1831) measured on radiographic images

Liver Metal Concentrations in Greater Sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus)

Psittacine Plasma Concentrations of Elements: Daily Fluctuations and Clinical Implications

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