Determination of Olefin Contents in Liquid Hydrocarbons Using a Quantum Cascade Laser and a Photoacoustic Detector

Rezaei, M.; Gieleciak, Rafał; Michaelian, K.

doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.8b03760

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…When replacing with 2% PA‐g‐Kaol, P═O decreased gradually after 400°C, that was the reason of the decompose of PA‐g‐Kaol. Compared with EVA/IFR/Kaol, ─CH 2 can exist until 500°C, it was proposed that the PA‐g‐Kaol can better protect the EVA matrix from degradation 38–40 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compared with EVA/IFR/Kaol, CH 2 can exist until 500 C, it was proposed that the PA-g-Kaol can better protect the EVA matrix from degradation. [38][39][40] GC-MS was used to study the exact composition of the degradation products and investigated the pyrolysis mechanism of EVA in 650 C in order to further demonstrate the specific composition of condensed phase at high temperature (Figure S3, Figure S4, and Table S1). According to the retention time and ion signals, it can be found that the residues belong to EVA/IFR/PA-g-Kaol in 650 C was similar with EVA/IFR/Kaol, which indicated that PA-g-Kaol mainly played an important role in the gas-phase during the early stage of combustion (<425 C).…”

Section: Proposed Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fabrication of phytic acid embellished kaolinite and its effect on the flame retardancy and thermal stability of ethylene vinyl acetate composites

Zhang

Meng

Wang

et al. 2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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A modified kaolinite by grafting with phytic acid (PA-g-Kaol) is fabricated, and it was introduced into ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) with intumescent flame retardancy (IFR) together to improve the flame retardancy of EVA composites. The results show the limiting oxygen index value of EVA/ (18.0 wt% IFR)/ (2.0 wt% PA-g-Kaol) is 30.8%.Meanwhile, there is only one dripping produced in the vertical burning test. What's more, the flame-retardant mechanism is demonstrated by TG-IR, real-time-IR and GC-MS analysis. The results indicate that some pyrolytic products of IFR and PA-g-Kaol, like ammonia and phosphoric acid, catalyze the crosslinking of EVA and flame retardant, the resultant compact char protects the substrate from further burning. K E Y W O R D Sethylene vinyl acetate, flame retardant, kaolinite, phytic acid | INTRODUCTIONEthylene vinyl acetate (EVA) is an important thermoplastic copolymer, which is widely used in many fields, such as wire, cable, packaging industry, and so on. 1,2 Whereas EVA is highly flammable with lots of droplets and black smoke release during combustion. 3 In this situation, it is necessary to do some flame retardant treatments. 4,5 Magnesium

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Proposed Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of phytic acid embellished kaolinite and its effect on the flame retardancy and thermal stability of ethylene vinyl acetate composites

Zhang

Meng

Wang

et al. 2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…Analysis of an industrially produced cracked naphtha revealed that the cracked naphtha contained about 10 wt % olefins, that most of the olefins were aliphatic, and that the olefins were mainly concentrated in the C 5 –C 7 range . Using a photoacoustic detector, a different group characterized the 30–280 °C cut produced from thermal conversion of bitumen and found 6.3 wt % olefins . The main assumption that was made in proposing the olefin treatment process in Figure was that these olefins could be saturated by hydrogen transfer reactions under thermal conditions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olefin Saturation Using Asphaltenes As a Hydrogen Source

2020

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To facilitate the pipeline transport of oilsands bitumen, bitumen viscosity must be decreased. Decreasing bitumen viscosity by whatever means adds to the production cost of bitumen. One of the low cost methods to decrease bitumen viscosity is mild thermal cracking by visbreaking. Thermally cracked products are potentially fouling in nature and the maximum olefin content of upgraded bitumen is limited by pipeline specifications to reduce risk of fouling. Hydrotreating is conventionally applied to treat cracked products. A process alternative to hydrotreating that does not require an external source of H2 was evaluated for application in partial bitumen upgrading processes that employ thermal conversion in conjunction with solvent deasphalting. The proposed olefin saturation process employs thermally induced hydrogen transfer from asphaltenes as a hydrogen source to saturate olefins in cracked naphtha. The process chemistry was demonstrated first using model olefin and hydrogen donor mixtures, then using model olefin and asphaltenes mixtures, and finally using industrially cracked naphtha and asphaltenes-rich material. The operating temperature range investigated was 250–350 °C. It was found that the main reactions of the olefins were (i) saturation, (ii) alkylation, (iii) dimerization, and (iv) double bond isomerization. The conversion of model naphtha and cracked naphtha with asphaltenes was comparable, indicating that the increased complexity of the cracked product did not measurably affect the olefin saturation. It was shown how the proposed process could be integrated in a solvent deasphalting process by replacing the asphaltenes stripper. It was possible to obtain 60 wt % 1-decene equivalent olefin conversion in a thermally cracked naphtha by reacting the cracked naphtha with asphaltenes in a 1:4 ratio at 350 °C for 3 h. The study aim was to show technical feasibility, and although a range of conditions was investigated, the study did not optimize the process.

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“…13,14 The commonly used methods for determination of olefin content are fluorescent indicator adsorption (FIA); 15 the bromine number test; 16 PIONA (n-paraffin, isoparaffin, olefin, naphthene, and aromatic) analysis by DHA (detailed hydrocarbon analysis); 17 supercritical-fluid chromatography; 18,19 proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H NMR); 20,21 gas chromatography (GC) with vacuum-ultraviolet detection (VUV); 22 high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), 23,24 or spectroscopy. 25 One of the most popular and well-adopted techniques for determination of conjugated diene content is the UOP-326 method, which is based on the determination of the diene value calculated from the concentration of unreacted maleic anhydride. 26 However, some of the previously mentioned methods and techniques exhibit notable limitations, such as prolonged analysis durations, the necessity for costly apparatus, extensive employment of solvents, and the dependence on high-quality gases (carrier or sweep gases).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies on analytical methods for olefin and diolefin determination are available in the literature. , The commonly used methods for determination of olefin content are fluorescent indicator adsorption (FIA); the bromine number test; PIONA (n-paraffin, isoparaffin, olefin, naphthene, and aromatic) analysis by DHA (detailed hydrocarbon analysis); supercritical-fluid chromatography; , proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H NMR); , gas chromatography (GC) with vacuum-ultraviolet detection (VUV); high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), , or spectroscopy . One of the most popular and well-adopted techniques for determination of conjugated diene content is the UOP-326 method, which is based on the determination of the diene value calculated from the concentration of unreacted maleic anhydride .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Potential of Raman Spectroscopy for Characterizing Olefins in Olefin-Containing Streams

Gieleciak,

Hall,

Michaelian

et al. 2023

Energy Fuels

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Olefins are highly reactive hydrocarbon compounds that are often found in cracked petroleum and renewable-based products and may be responsible for the formation of gums and solid deposits in storage tanks, refining equipment, and vehicle fuel systems. Several government environmental regulations and industrial specifications are in place to control the levels of olefins in both unprocessed and finished petroleum products. This creates an urgent need for rapid monitoring of olefin levels in petroleum products. Most of the analytical methods currently used for olefin determination have several significant shortcomings, including long analysis times, the need for expensive equipment, high solvent usage, the requirement for high-purity gases (carrier or swift gases), and poor suitability for process monitoring. This paper presents a qualitative and semi-quantitative study of olefins in petroleum samples using Raman spectroscopy. A mixture of unsaturated model hydrocarbons was prepared to demonstrate the suitability of Raman spectroscopy for the determination of olefin contents in petroleum samples. The Raman spectra of the mixture and its individual components were obtained, and the C�C region was used to calculate the integrated area of the region against the olefin concentration. The results show that semi-quantitative analyses for similar mixtures are feasible, and the limit of detection of olefinic species in this particular naphtha is estimated to be approximately 1 vol %. The study also shows that different olefinic species generally do not exhibit the same molar C�C intensities, which may limit the accuracy of quantitative work. The proposed approach for olefin determination may be limited, but it can be developed and utilized for the determination of olefin concentrations in samples containing similar types of olefins and blended in a similar naphtha matrix. The study emphasizes the importance of the calibration procedure being sensitive to the type of selected olefin standards and the nature of the hydrocarbon matrix in the blend.

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Determination of Olefin Contents in Liquid Hydrocarbons Using a Quantum Cascade Laser and a Photoacoustic Detector

Cited by 11 publications

References 24 publications

Fabrication of phytic acid embellished kaolinite and its effect on the flame retardancy and thermal stability of ethylene vinyl acetate composites

Fabrication of phytic acid embellished kaolinite and its effect on the flame retardancy and thermal stability of ethylene vinyl acetate composites

Olefin Saturation Using Asphaltenes As a Hydrogen Source

Exploring the Potential of Raman Spectroscopy for Characterizing Olefins in Olefin-Containing Streams

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