Determination of organic molecular markers in marine aerosols and sediments: one-step flash chromatography compound class fractionation and capillary gas chromatographic analysis

Gogou, Alexandra; Apostolaki, Maria; Stephanou, Euripides G.

doi:10.1016/s0021-9673(97)01106-0

Cited by 161 publications

(104 citation statements)

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“…The fractionation procedure was adapted from that developed by Gogou et al (1998) for the determination of organic molecular markers in marine aerosols and sediments. A known amount of extract was applied to the top of a 30 × 7 cm glass column containing 1.5 g of silica gel (Merck, 0.040-0.063 mm, activated at 150…”

Section: Fractionation Of Extractsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The standard compounds were selected based on their abundance in the particle phase (Rogge et al 1993a(Rogge et al ,b,c, 1998Saxena and Hildeman 1996;Schauer et al 1996Schauer et al , 2000Seinfeld and Pandis 1998;Facchini et al 1999;Kiss et al 2002), their availability, and their polarity (Gogou et al 1998;Decesari et al 2001;Kiss et al 2002Kiss et al , 2003. They were: n-pentacosane (C 25 H 52 ; n-alkane; non-polar; OM/OC = 1.2), chrysene (C 18 H 12 ; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; slightly polar; OM/OC = 1.1), undecanal (C 11 H 22 ; n-alkanal; slightly polar; OM/OC = 1.2), cholesterol (C 27 H 46 O; sterol; moderately polar; OM/OC = 1.2), n-decanoic acid (C 10 H 20 O 2 ; n-alkanoic acid, moderately polar; OM/OC = 1.4), oxalic acid (C 2 H 2 O 4 ; dicarboxylic acid; polar; OM/OC = 3.8), levoglucosan (C 6 H 10 O 5 ; sugar; polar; OM/OC = 2.3), Leonardite Standard (humic acid standard; polar; OM/OC = high), and Urban Dust (NIST 1649a).…”

Section: Fractionation Of Standardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Organic PM 2.5 has been characterized in several locations by functional group [FTIR spectroscopy: e.g., Allen et al 1994;Russell, 2003;Reff et al 2005; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy: e.g., Graham et al 2002;Tagliavini et al 2006], degree of oxygenation [factor analysis of aerosol mass spectra providing hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA) and oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA) fractions: e.g., Zhang et al 2005] and by polarity [extraction and sometimes column separation: e.g., Gundel et al 1995;Gogou et al 1998]. This article characterizes organic PM 2.5 in Pittsburgh, PA, using a 234 A. POLIDORI ET AL.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Organic PM_2.5: Fractionation by Polarity, FTIR Spectroscopy, and OM/OC Ratio for the Pittsburgh Aerosol

Polidori

Turpin

Davidson

et al. 2008

Aerosol Science and Technology

108

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A polarity-based extraction/fractionation method validated with standard compounds was used to characterize organic aerosol samples collected during the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study (PAQS). Organic extracts were separated into 5 polarity classes by sequential elution with hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, acetone, and methanol. Organic mass (OM) and carbon mass (OC) were measured in samples, their extracts, and their corresponding fractions yielding OM/OC ratios and the contribution of each polarity fraction to total OM. The study average OM/OC ratio for each fraction [(OM/OC) fraction ] varied from 1.37 for the hexane fraction to 2.25 for the methanol fraction. OM/OC ratios for "nonextractable" organics ((OM/OC) N-E ) were also predicted; the study average (OM/OC) N -E was 2.54, consistent with ratios of 2.1-3.2 for water-soluble organic aerosol species. Annual average ratios with and without the contributions of the "non-extractable" material [(OM/OC) total and (OM/OC) extract , respectively] were 2.05 ± 0.18(1σ ) and 1.91 ± 0.24(1σ ), similar to OM/OC of atmospherically relevant oligomers and aged aerosols measured elsewhere. Ratios were somewhat higher during summer/winter than spring/fall, probably because of a greater contribution of oxidized species such as dicarboxylic acids (summer), levoglucosan (winter and/or summer), and humic-like-substances (HULIS; winter and/or summer). We hypothesize that the OM/OC of atmospheric aerosols approaches a value of 1.9-2.1 as it ages and oligomerizes in the atmosphere. The annual-average contributions of each fraction to Received 23 September 2007; accepted 1 February 2008. We gratefully acknowledge the hospitality and assistance of our Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) hosts. We appreciated the encouragement of PAQS' neighbor, Mr. Fred Rogers, and wish to thank the CMU students, staff, and faculty for their continued assistance in and out of the field. This work was supported in part by the US Department of Energy, US Environmental Protection Agency, the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), and the NJ Agricultural Experiment Station. This research has not been subjected to Agency review and therefore does not necessarily reflect the views of DOE or EPA; no official endorsement should be inferred.Address correspondence to Barbara J. Turpin, Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, 14 College Farm Rd., New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA. E-mail: turpin@envsci.rutgers.edu the total collected OM mass were, 16.8, 14.0, 11.7, 11.5, 19.3, and 26.7% for the hexane-, dichloromethane-, ethyl acetate-, acetone-, methanol-, and "non-extractable" fractions, respectively. Thus non-polar and very polar species dominated the OM mass throughout the year. Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to further characterize the composition of extracts and fractions. This method can be used to fractionate organic PM for toxicological studies as well as organic aerosol characterization.

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Section: Fractionation Of Extractsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fractionation Of Standardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Organic PM_2.5: Fractionation by Polarity, FTIR Spectroscopy, and OM/OC Ratio for the Pittsburgh Aerosol

Polidori

Turpin

Davidson

et al. 2008

Aerosol Science and Technology

108

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“…Field measurements have reported the carbon number and concentration ranges of long-chain nonpolar compound classes [Gagosian et al, 1981;Gogou et al, 1998]. Samples of marine aerosol were collected at Marshall Island in the western equatorial Pacific (11ø20•N, 162ø20•E) and Crete in the eastern Mediterranean (35ø20•N, 25ø42•E).…”

Section: Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicted hygroscopic growth of sea salt aerosol

Ming¹,

Russell²

2001

J. Geophys. Res.

114

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Abstract. Organic species in sea salt particles can significantly reduce hygroscopic growth in subsaturated conditions, an important uncertainty in the radiative effect of aerosol particles on the atmosphere. This hygroscopic behavior is predicted with a numerical model of the the organic-water, electrolyte-water, and organicelectrolyte interactions in complex mixtures of organic species and inorganic ions. The results show a 15% decrease in hygroscopic growth above 75% relative humidity for particles that include as little as 30% organic mass. Organic compositions of 50% organic mass reduce hygroscopic growth by 25%. This prediction relies on

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“…The molecular level methods typically have need of extraction of a sample with organic solvents, followed by analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC / MS), gas chromatography / Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy/mass spectrometry (GC/ FTIR/MS), high performance liquid chromatography/ mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) and other techniques. Traditionally, chemical characterisation of particulate OC has been performed using single or multiple solvent extractions of samples followed by GC/MS (Facchini et al 1999, Gogou et al 1998, Plewka et al 2003, Rissanen et al 2006, Sin et al 2002, Zappoli et al 1999. However, in these experimental works a significant portion of polar oxygenated organic compounds remains unknown.…”

Section: Methodologies For the Determination Of Organic Aerosol Compomentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation of solvent extractable organic constituents in atmospheric particulate matter: an overview

Alves

2008

An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc.

113

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In spite of accounting for 10-70% of the atmospheric aerosol mass, particulate-phase organic compounds are not well characterised, and many aspects of aerosol formation and evolution are still unknown. The growing awareness of the impact of particulate aerosols on climate, and the incompletely recognised but serious effects of anthropogenic constituents on air quality and human health, have conducted to several scientific studies. These investigations have provided information about the behaviour of atmospheric particulate matter and the description of the character of its carbonaceous content. The compilation of such results is important as they append to the emergent global-wide dataset of the organic composition of atmospheric aerosols. The contribution of the major emission sources to regional particulate pollution can be diagnosed by using specific molecular markers. This overview is mainly focused on results obtained with gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, since it is the analytical method of choice in elucidating the solvent-extractable organic compounds in atmospheric particulate matter. A synopsis of the selection of organic tracers and the application of geochemical parameters to the analysis of organic constituents as a tool for source apportionment is shown here. Besides the assessment of current knowledge, this paper also presents the identification of further areas of concern.

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Determination of organic molecular markers in marine aerosols and sediments: one-step flash chromatography compound class fractionation and capillary gas chromatographic analysis

Cited by 161 publications

References 58 publications

Organic PM_2.5: Fractionation by Polarity, FTIR Spectroscopy, and OM/OC Ratio for the Pittsburgh Aerosol

Organic PM_2.5: Fractionation by Polarity, FTIR Spectroscopy, and OM/OC Ratio for the Pittsburgh Aerosol

Predicted hygroscopic growth of sea salt aerosol

Characterisation of solvent extractable organic constituents in atmospheric particulate matter: an overview

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Determination of organic molecular markers in marine aerosols and sediments: one-step flash chromatography compound class fractionation and capillary gas chromatographic analysis

Cited by 161 publications

References 58 publications

Organic PM2.5: Fractionation by Polarity, FTIR Spectroscopy, and OM/OC Ratio for the Pittsburgh Aerosol

Organic PM2.5: Fractionation by Polarity, FTIR Spectroscopy, and OM/OC Ratio for the Pittsburgh Aerosol

Predicted hygroscopic growth of sea salt aerosol

Characterisation of solvent extractable organic constituents in atmospheric particulate matter: an overview

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Product

Resources

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Organic PM_2.5: Fractionation by Polarity, FTIR Spectroscopy, and OM/OC Ratio for the Pittsburgh Aerosol

Organic PM_2.5: Fractionation by Polarity, FTIR Spectroscopy, and OM/OC Ratio for the Pittsburgh Aerosol