Determination of Parabens in Breast Milk Samples by Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (DLLME) and Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Abstract

A reliable method was developed and validated based on dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) to determine simultaneously methylparaben (MePB), ethylparaben (EtPB), propylparaben (PrPB), and butylparaben (BuPB) in breast milk samples. A central composite design 2 4 with four independent variables and five levels of variance was used to optimize the DLLME conditions. The DLLME/UHPLC-MS/MS method was linear from 5 (lower limit of quantification, LLOQ) to 100 ng mL -1 (upper limit of quantification, ULOQ). The inter-assay and intra-assay precision values presented coefficients of variation (CVs) lower than 15%, and the relative standard error of the inter-and intra-assay accuracy values was lower than 10.4%. The DLLME/UHPLC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to determine parabens in human milk samples obtained from sixteen volunteer lactating mothers.

Prenatal paraben exposure and atopic dermatitis‐related outcomes among children

“…During the prenatal period, the penetration of antimicrobial active compounds like parabens across the placenta and accumulation in breast milk might influence the composition of the maternal microbiome as well as the developing microbiome of the infant known to be crucial for atopic manifestations 39 . Transplacental passage of BuP, 40 accumulation of maternal EtP and BuP in amniotic fluid as previously seen in rats 41 as well as the presence of EtP and BuP in breast milk, 42‐45 may increase the exposure burden of the fetus and prolong the exposure time to the perinatal phase 46 . In an explorative study, high concentrations of BuP in breast milk were associated with AD in 1‐year‐old children 25 .…”

Extraction and pre‐concentration of parabens in liquid pharmaceutical samples by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on deep eutectic solvents

“…They offer higher enrichment factor and/or extraction e ciency and lower organic solvent consumption rather than classic techniques [11,12]. Among these techniques, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction has signi cant attention by providing high enrichment factor which is dispersion of extraction solvent throughout the sample solution [13,14].…”

“…Among the aforesaid techniques, DLLME has received significant attention, as it provides a high enrichment factor, that is, dispersion of extraction solvent throughout the sample solution (C.‐W. Chen et al, 2018; Grecco et al, 2019).…”

“…They offer a higher enrichment factor and/or extraction efficiency and lower organic solvent consumption rather than the classic techniques (Pengionan, 2017;Yazdi et al, 2008). Among the aforesaid techniques, DLLME has received significant attention, as it provides a high enrichment factor, that is, dispersion of extraction solvent throughout the sample solution (C.-W. Chen et al, 2018;Grecco et al, 2019).…”

Combination of ultrasound‐assisted ethyl chloroformate derivatization and switchable solvent liquid‐phase microextraction for the sensitive determination of l‐methionine in human plasma by GC–MS

“…Today's scientific approach on extraction methods is to develop new economic techniques and to minimize chemical usage. LPME , SPME , hollow fiber LLME , and dispersive LLME find a common ground regarding eco‐friendliness and miniaturization.…”