Determination of PCBs and chlorinated hydrocarbons in marine mammal tissues

Schantz, Michele M.; Koster, Barbara J.; Wise, Stephen A.; Becker, Paul R.

doi:10.1016/0048-9697(93)90031-z

Cited by 44 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The compounds that increased in concentration with latitude were A 42 PCB and AMeSO 2 -PCB. These gradients along latitude and longitude were in general agreement with previous findings reported for polar bears Muir and Norstrom, 2000;Andersen et al, 2001;Lie et al, 2003), beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) (Muir et al, 1990), ringed seals (Schantz et al, 1993;Muir et al, 2000), and general spatial trends in the Arctic environment (de March et al, 1998;Muir et al, 1999;Macdonald et al, 2000;Fisk et al, 2003;AMAP, 2004).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants and metabolites in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from Alaska, Canada, East Greenland, and Svalbard: 1996−2002

Verreault

Muir

Norstrom

et al. 2005

Science of The Total Environment

125

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A suite of chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants (CHCs) including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and by-products, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and methyl sulfone (MeSO 2 ) PCB and p,pV-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene ( p,pV-DDE) metabolites were determined in adipose tissue of 107 adult and sub-adult polar bears, almost exclusively females, sampled between 1996 and 2002 from populations spanning Arctic and Subarctic regions of Alaska, Canada, East Greenland, and Svalbard. The East Greenland and Svalbard populations of polar bears were distinguished by higher proportions of dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDT)-related compounds, nonachlors, oxychlordane, and higher-chlorinated and persistent PCB congeners (hepta-to nona-chlorinated). Conversely, Alaska, the westernmost population of the North American Arctic, was characterized by higher proportions of relatively volatile compounds such as hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and pentachlorobenzene (PnCBz), lower-chlorinated PCB congeners (tri-to penta-chlorinated), and lower proportions of oxychlordane. Geometric mean (GM) with 95% confidence limits (CL) AHCH concentrations were highest in Alaska male polar bear fat samples (GM 593; CL 363À909 ng g À 1 lipid weight), ADDT concentration were highest in East Greenland female samples (GM 309; CL 249À490 ng g À 1 l.w.), and A 42 PCB (GM 5972; CL 4637À9129 ng g À 1 l.w.) and AMeSO 2 -PCB (GM 198; CL 162À279 ng g À 1 l.w.) concentrations were highest in female samples collected from Svalbard. The distribution of A-chlordanerelated compounds (ACHL), ACBz, mirex, and dieldrin was relatively uniform among the populations of polar bears investigated. The present 1996À2002 data of female polar bear fat samples was compared to spatial assessments of female polar bear fat samples collected between 1989 and 1993 from comparable populations. The two-point temporal comparisons showed a general decrease for age-adjusted mean concentrations of ACHL, p,pV-DDE, A 42 PCB, AMeSO 2 -PCB and 3-MeSO 2 -p,pV-DDE over a period of approximately 10 years. However, concentrations of dieldrin were comparatively unchanged. Comparisons of present 2001À2002 concentrations in fat of female polar bears from Western Hudson Bay showed great consistency with temporal trends (1991À1999) previously reported for the same region, i.e. the apparent non-decreasing trend of ACHL, h-HCH, AHCH and dieldrin, and the apparent declining trend for APCB. However, present concentrations of a-HCH and ACBz were elevated, and ADDT was notably lower in Western Hudson Bay samples compared to the last measurements in fat samples collected in 1999, which was not in accord with reported temporal trends for this region. As a result of their relatively high degree of contamination, East Greenland and Svalbard polar bears are at higher health risk of contaminant exposure among Arctic and Subarctic populations. In addition to continued biomonitoring, further research on health and population status is needed to evaluate the impact from chronic exposure of polar bear pop...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants and metabolites in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from Alaska, Canada, East Greenland, and Svalbard: 1996−2002

Verreault

Muir

Norstrom

et al. 2005

Science of The Total Environment

125

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“…⌺PCB concentrations in beluga from the Mackenzie River estuary, Baffin Bay, Davis Strait and Hudson Bay also did not demonstrate a significant geographical variation Stern et al 1994). ⌺PCB concentrations in Alaska ringed seal tended to be lower (Schantz et al 1993), whereas ⌺PCB concentrations in Svalbard were higher (Oehme et al 1988).…”

Section: Geographical Distribution and Temporal Trends Of Chcs In Polmentioning

confidence: 89%

Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Contaminants in Polar Bears from Eastern Russia, North America, Greenland, and Svalbard: Biomonitoring of Arctic Pollution

Norstrom

Belikov²,

Born³

et al. 1998

Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

186

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Adipose tissue samples from polar bears (Ursus maritimus) were obtained by necropsy or biopsy between the spring of 1989 to the spring of 1993 from Wrangel Island in Russia, most of the range of the bear in North America, eastern Greenland, and Svalbard. Samples were divided into 16 regions corresponding as much as possible to known stocks or management zones. Concentrations of dieldrin (DIEL), 4,4'-DDE (DDE), sum of 16 polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (sigma PCB), and sum of 11 chlordane-related compounds and metabolites (sigma CHL) were determined. In order to minimize the effect of age, only data for adults (320 bears age 5 years and older) was used to compare concentrations among regions. Concentrations of sigma PCB were 46% higher in adult males than females, and there was no significant trend with age. Concentrations of sigma CHL were 30% lower in adult males than females. Concentrations of sigma PCB, sigma CHL, and DDE in individual adult female bears were standardized to adult males using factors derived from the least-square means of each sex category, and geometric means of the standardized concentrations on a lipid weight basis were compared among regions. Median geometric mean standardized concentrations (lipid weight basis) and ranges among regions were as follows: sigma PCB, 5,942 (2,763-24,316) micrograms/kg; sigma CHL, 1,952 (727-4,632) micrograms/kg; DDE, 219 (52-560) micrograms/kg; DIEL, 157 (31-335) micrograms/kg. Geometric mean sigma PCB concentrations in bears from Svalbard, East Greenland, and the Arctic Ocean near Prince Patrick Island in Canada were similar (20,256-24,316 micrograms/kg) and significantly higher than most other areas. Atmospheric, oceanic, and ice transport, as well as ecological factors may contribute to these high concentrations of sigma PCB. sigma CHL was more uniformly distributed among regions than the other CHCs. Highest sigma CHL concentrations were found in southeastern Hudson Bay, which also had the highest DDE and DIEL concentrations. In general, concentrations of sigma CHL, DDE, and DIEL were higher in eastern than western regions, suggesting an influence of North American sources. Average sigma PCB concentrations in bears from the Canadian Arctic were similar to those in 1982-84, while average sigma CHL and DDE concentrations were 35-44% lower and DIEL was 90% lower. However, the significance of these temporal trends during the 1980s is not conclusive because of the problems of comparability of data.

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“…As with SRM 2977, 4,4′-DDE has been reported as the major metabolite found in mussel tissue from over 180 US coastal sites during 1986-1988, around the time period when the first mussel tissue SRM, SRM 1974, was collected [1]. Similarly, 4,4′-DDE is the major metabolite found in tissues of northern fur seals and several ringed seals [35] and in shelf sediments [36], comprising up to 80% or 70%, respectively, of the sum of DDT compounds. However, in SRM 1974, 4,4′-DDE was actually lower than 4,4′-DDD.…”

Section: Certified and Reference Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Three new mussel tissue standard reference materials (SRMs) for the determination of organic contaminants

Poster

Schantz

Kucklick

et al. 2004

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry

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Three new mussel tissue standard reference materials (SRMs) have been developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for the determination of the concentrations of organic contaminants. The most recently prepared material, SRM 1974b, is a fresh frozen tissue homogenate prepared from mussels ( Mytilus edulis) collected in Boston Harbor, Massachusetts. The other two materials, SRMs 2977 and 2978, are freeze-dried tissue homogenates prepared from mussels collected in Guanabara Bay, Brazil and Raritan Bay, New Jersey, respectively. All three new mussel tissue SRMs complement the current suite of marine natural-matrix SRMs available from NIST that are characterized for a wide range of contaminants (organic and inorganic). SRM 1974b has been developed to replace its predecessor SRM 1974a, Organics in Mussel Tissue, for which the supply is depleted. Similarly, SRMs 2977 and 2978 were developed to replace a previously available (supply depleted) freeze-dried version of SRM 1974a, SRM 2974, Organics in Freeze-Dried Mussel Tissue. SRM 1974b is the third in a series of fresh frozen mussel tissue homogenate SRMs prepared from mussels collected in Boston Harbor starting in 1988. SRM 1974b has certified concentration values for 22 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 31 polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (PCBs), and 7 chlorinated pesticides. Reference values are provided for additional constituents: 16 PAHs, 8 PCBs plus total PCBs, 6 pesticides, total extractable organics, methylmercury, and 11 trace elements. PAH concentrations range from about 2 ng g(-1 )dry mass (cyclopenta[ cd]pyrene) to 180 ng g(-1 )dry mass (pyrene). PCB concentrations range from about 2 ng g(-1 )dry mass (PCB 157) to 120 ng g(-1 )dry mass (PCB 153). The reference value for total PCBs in SRM 1974b is (2020 +/- 420) ng g(-1 )dry mass. Pesticide concentrations range from about 4 ng g(-1 )dry mass (4,4'-DDT) to 40 ng g(-1 )dry mass (4,4'-DDE). SRM 2977 has certified values for 14 PAHs, 25 PCB congeners, 7 pesticides, 6 trace elements, and methylmercury. Reference values for 16 additional PAHs and 9 inorganic constituents are provided, and information values are given for 23 additional trace elements. SRM 2978 has certified and reference concentrations for 41 and 22 organic compounds, respectively, and contains contaminant levels similar to those of SRM 1974b. Organic contaminant levels in SRM 2977 (mussels from Guanabara Bay, Brazil) are typically a factor of 2 to 4 lower than those in SRM 1974b and SRM 2978. The organic contaminant concentrations in each new mussel tissue SRM are presented and compared in this paper. In addition, a chronological review of contaminant concentrations associated with mussels collected in Boston Harbor is discussed as well as a stability assessment of SRM 1974a.

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Determination of PCBs and chlorinated hydrocarbons in marine mammal tissues

Cited by 44 publications

References 24 publications

Chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants and metabolites in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from Alaska, Canada, East Greenland, and Svalbard: 1996−2002

Chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants and metabolites in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from Alaska, Canada, East Greenland, and Svalbard: 1996−2002

Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Contaminants in Polar Bears from Eastern Russia, North America, Greenland, and Svalbard: Biomonitoring of Arctic Pollution

Three new mussel tissue standard reference materials (SRMs) for the determination of organic contaminants

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