Determination of PEMS Measurement Allowances for Gaseous Emissions Regulated Under the Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine In-Use Testing Program Part 3 – Results and Validation

Sharp, Christopher; Feist, Michael D.; Laroo, Christopher A.; Spears, Matthew

doi:10.4271/2009-01-0938

Cited by 23 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…In the USA, the measurement allowance study found a NO x uncertainty (allowance) of 600 mg/kWh for 2007-2009 engines, which was around 23% of the 2007 standard [15,17]. The NO x allowance for post 2010 engines was found to be 200 mg/kWh, which was over 60% of the 2010 Not-To-Exceed (NTE) standard [15]. A recent study at 20 mg/kWh levels found 10 mg/kWh measurement error (50%) [18].…”

Section: Pems Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the moment, during PEMS on-road testing for type-approval and ISC testing, only NO x , CO, and total hydrocarbons (HC) are measured. Particle number (PN) will be introduced with step E. The measurement uncertainty of PEMS has been assessed in the United States of America (USA) [15] and recently in Europe for light duty vehicles [16]. Uncertainty estimations that range from 10 mg/kWh up to 600 mg/kWh were reported (approximately 20-60% of the emission levels) [15][16][17][18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emission Factors of a Euro VI Heavy-duty Diesel Refuse Collection Vehicle

et al. 2019

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Modern (Euro VI) heavy-duty vehicles have significantly lower pollutant emissions than older vehicles. However, there are still concerns regarding the emissions of refuse collection vehicles in cities, because in some cases they may use engines designed for long haulage trucks. For this reason, we tested a diesel Euro VI (step C) refuse collection heavy-duty vehicle, both in the laboratory on a chassis dynamometer and on the road, similar to the regulated in-service conformity cycle, but also with actual refuse collection cycles. Particle number (PN) and gaseous pollutants (NOx, CO, HC) were measured using a Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS). Additionally, in the laboratory we used laboratory grade gaseous, particle number, and FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) systems to assess the PEMS. For short periods, where the exhaust gas temperature was low for the aftertreatment devices (cold start, some city conditions), the NOx emissions reached 2000 mg/km. Nevertheless, all pollutants were well below the applicable emissions limits expressed in mg/kWh for all cycles examined (in brackets the ratio to the laboratory limit): NOx < 400 mg/kWh (0.87), CO < 850 mg/kWh (0.21), HC < 12 mg/kWh (0.08), PN < 2.4×1010 p/kWh (0.04). To make sure that this will always be the case, future heavy-duty type approval emissions regulations should specifically consider the urban conditions for municipality vehicles, such as refuse trucks.

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Section: Pems Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emission Factors of a Euro VI Heavy-duty Diesel Refuse Collection Vehicle

et al. 2019

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“…To better understand emissions trends, HD on-road vehicles can be tested in the laboratory on a chassis dynamometer, or over the road using modern portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS), which can also be used to enforce notto-exceed (NTE) emission limits [23,24]. An alternative approach to using PEMS is to use a full-scale mobile laboratory compliant to Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 1065 for emissions measurement, which is housed in a tractor trailer for operation on the roadway [25,26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real-World Emissions from Modern Heavy-Duty Diesel, Natural Gas, and Hybrid Diesel Trucks Operating Along Major California Freight Corridors

Quiros

Thiruvengadam

Pradhan

et al. 2016

Emiss. Control Sci. Technol.

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Emissions were measured from seven heavy-duty (HD) on-road vehicles that were operated along six common route types used for freight transport in California. All vehicles had engines that were certified to the 0.01 g/bhp-h particulate matter (PM) and either a 0.2, 0.3, or 2.3 g/bhp-h nitrogen oxide (NOx) standard. Diesel vehicles had low carbon monoxide (CO) and total hydrocarbon (THC) emissions below brake-specific standards, with route averages ranging from 0.24 to 3.35 g CO/ mi and from 0.02 to 0.45 g THC/mi. Diesel vehicles equipped with selective catalytic reduction (SCR) had route average NOx emissions ranging from 0.58 to 3.99 g/mi (0.16 to 0.96 g/bhp-h). NOx emissions were less route-dependent for the one vehicle with a 12-L compressed natural gas (CNG) engine and threeway catalyst (TWC), with route averages ranging from 0.16 to 0.46 g/mi (0.06 to 0.13 g/bhp-h). The ranking of certification NOx emissions for the seven engines reported during enginedynamometer-based certification was not maintained during real-world testing; for example, highway driving NOx emissions were lower than certification values for some engine families and higher than certification values for others. Route-average gravimetric particulate matter (PM) emissions ranged from 4 to 12 mg/ mi, which on a brake-specific basis were at least two times below the 0.01 g/bhp-h standard. Ion speciation of PM emissions indicated that the most prevalent species were sulfate (SO 4 2− ) for the model year (MY) 2007 diesel vehicle equipped with a diesel particulate filter (DPF) and no SCR, nitrate (NO 3 − ) for conventional diesel vehicles with a DPF and SCR, and sodium (Na + ) was the most abundant species for the CNG vehicle. NOx and PM emissions were compared to, and show generally good agreement with, the latest California mobile source model (EMFAC2014).

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“…The final goal of the Monte Carlo simulation, the validation of measurement allowance results, was to experimentally verify the error in measuring in-use emissions using PEMS in reference to a mobile laboratory measurement standard such that it is below 95 The region between the 5 th percentile and 95 th percentile EDF serves as the validation region for the Monte Carlo model using experimental data. The delta error in measuring BS emissions using PEMS is validated if 90% of the measurement error determined from the on-road experimental data lies between the 5 th and 95 th percentile delta error derived from the Monte Carlo model for each emission constituent and the calculation method [29]. A summary of model validation results for each pollutant and corresponding calculation is illustrated in Table 5.…”

Section: Validation Of Measurement Allowance Model Simulation Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Reference Dataset to Evaluate PEMS Post-Processing Software

Kappanna¹

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Since the implementation of in-use emissions standards, an outcome of the consent decree between heavy-duty diesel engine manufacturers and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), there has been an increased interest in the research and development of portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS) that are capable of analyzing exhaust emissions continuously while a vehicle or equipment powered by an internal combustion engine is performing its intended vocation. Ultimately for an engine to pass in-use emissions requirements, the brake specific emissions of regulated pollutants measured over valid Not-to-Exceed (NTE) events must be less than or equal to 1.25 or 1.5 times the engine emission certification standards, based on the engine model year (MY), plus an additional margin known as in-use measurement allowance. The vehicle has to satisfy the in-use emissions standard for 90% of the NTE events provided the brake specific emissions over the rest of the events are less than two times the certification level to comply with in-use emission regulations. As in-use emissions measurement and regulation together form a requirement since 2004 for certification of engines, it is imperative to develop procedures of oversight similar to ones that exist for laboratory-based engine certification. Therefore, a reference data set that incorporates all the in-use emissions regulations used to quantify the measured emissions over an NTE event, including the conditions used to validate an NTE event is developed in the direction of providing a means to validate commercial PEMS data analysis software. A reference data set was designed and used to evaluate the post-processing software of two commercial PEMS devices. A black box testing methodology was implemented to evaluate the performance of the post-processing software. Specifically, the input data set was developed to execute different sections of the program based on logical conditions required to branch into a particular section therefore verifying the truth in executing a logical condition and the interpretation of in-use emissions regulation. Also, the brake specific emissions results to be expected from the given input data set were known a priori to verify the accuracy of the equations used in calculating the final emissions results. The dataset was also used to evaluate PEMS data post-processing software developed at WVU. The test results indicated that definition of NTE emissions performance was not in agreement for the post-processing software evaluated. Being that compliance is required for manufacturers to sell engines without penalty, it is critical that the metric by which compliance is assessed must be accurate and robust. As such, the reference data set developed will serve in identifying interpretation errors of inuse emissions regulations as well as calculation error and reduce the chances of triggering false positives and negatives that could prove costly to engine manufacturers as well as air quality regulating agencies. This reference data set will also serv...

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Determination of PEMS Measurement Allowances for Gaseous Emissions Regulated Under the Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine In-Use Testing Program Part 3 – Results and Validation

Cited by 23 publications

References 4 publications

Emission Factors of a Euro VI Heavy-duty Diesel Refuse Collection Vehicle

Emission Factors of a Euro VI Heavy-duty Diesel Refuse Collection Vehicle

Real-World Emissions from Modern Heavy-Duty Diesel, Natural Gas, and Hybrid Diesel Trucks Operating Along Major California Freight Corridors

Development of a Reference Dataset to Evaluate PEMS Post-Processing Software

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