Determination of penetration profiles of topically applied substances by means of tape stripping and optical spectroscopy: UV filter substance in sunscreens

Weigmann, Hans-Ju ̈rgen; Jacobi, U.; Antoniou, Christina; Tsikrikas, G. N.; Wendel, V.; Rapp, Claudius; Gers‐Barlag, H.; Sterry, Wolfram; Lademann, J.

doi:10.1117/1.1854683

Cited by 51 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…12 HNTs-BDP or HNTs-ODP-BDP (2 mg) was added to tetrahydrofuran (THF) (1.5 mL). Small volumes of the supernatant were collected at various time intervals in order to determine the amount of BDP released from the halloysite.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Internally Modified Halloysite Nanotubes as Inorganic Nanocontainers for a Flame Retardant

Jing

Higaki

et al. 2013

Chemistry Letters

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We have selectively hydrophobized halloysite nanotube lumens for efficient loading with a flame retardant for controlled releasing composite materials. The inner lumen of octadecylphosphonic-acid-modified halloysite was loaded with hydrophobic bisphenol-A bis(diphenyl phosphate). This flame retardant was released from the clay nanotubes in linear fashion over 60 h demonstrating the system potential utility as effective nanocontainers for smart composite systems.There has been considerable interest in materials based on aluminum silicate nanotubes because of their unique features and applications. 13 Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) are naturally occurring aluminum silicate hollow cylinders with a length of 0.51¯m, the outer and inner diameters of ca. 3050 and 10 30 nm, respectively.3 High loading efficiency of the halloysite nanotubes is related to efficient adsorption of drugs into positively charged HNTs' inner lumen, 4,5 using a variety of solvents 6 and polarity differences of the adsorbent and adsorbate. 7 Halloysite can be selectively modified to achieve the hydrophobicity of its inner surface.3,7 Bisphenol-A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BDP) is known to be one of the most effective nonhalogenated, environmentally benign flame retardants. 8,9 However, due to the weak interaction between rather hydrophobic BDP and hydrophilic inner surface of the pristine halloysite tubes, it is difficult to achieve its high loading efficiency. Recently, we reported a novel selective modification for the inner lumen of halloysite with octadecylphosphonic acid (ODP), based on strong specific interaction between the phosphonic acid group and aluminol groups of the clay inner lumen.3 Here we report the high loading and controlled release of bisphenol-A bis(diphenyl phosphate) into the ODP-modified halloysite tubes (Scheme 1).The selective ODP grafting on the surface of inner lumens of halloysite was carried out by pulling and breaking vacuum. The BDP was sorbed in the ODP-modified halloysite nanotubes (HNTs-ODP) by adding a saturated ethanol solution of BDP to a suspension of HNTs-ODP and stirring the mixture for one week. The suspension was centrifuged, and the precipitate was dried at 393 K under ambient pressure for 10 h resulting in the final formulation: HNTs-ODP-BDP. Figure 1 shows the nitrogen adsorptiondesorption isotherm of HNTs, HNTs-ODP, HNTs-BDP, and HNTs-ODP-BDP at 77 K. Corresponding surface area (S BET ), pore volume (V pore ), and pore size (d peak ) are listed in Table 1. The samples were dried at 373 K for 30 min and outgassed under vacuum at 373 K flame retardant(BDP)

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Internally Modified Halloysite Nanotubes as Inorganic Nanocontainers for a Flame Retardant

Jing

Higaki

et al. 2013

Chemistry Letters

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“…Therefore, information on horizontal and vertical distribution (homogeneity and penetration depth) of applied substances can be obtained. Instant measurements for each tape strip were carried out following the standard procedure recently described in detail and the pseudoabsorption of corneocytes was gauged to determine the amount of stratum corneum removed as recommended [13,27]. …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ambitious research work is being undertaken, in order to optimize the product-defining characteristics of sunscreen filters and sunscreen formulations. Under real-life conditions, however, the effectiveness of sunscreens is often limited due to an insufficient quantity being applied [8,9,10], inhomogeneous filter distribution [11,12,13] and filter abrasion [14,15,16]. Whereas application habits such as quantity and frequency of sunscreen use can be changed intentionally, limitations in product efficacy, due to skin morphology and condition, are more difficult to be overcome.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gain or Loss? Sunscreen Efficiency after Cosmetic Pretreatment of the Skin

Kluschke

Weigmann²,

Schanzer

et al. 2013

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

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Sunscreens are a key pillar of the multimodal protection strategy against short- and long-term impacts of intermittent and continuous UV exposure. Hitherto, an unanswered part of current scientific discourse is the question whether a cosmetic pretreatment has an impact on distribution and adhesiveness of sunscreens on the skin and therefore affects UV protection. In order to evaluate the homogeneity of sunscreen filter distribution, water resistance as a parameter of adhesiveness and effective UV protection of sunscreens after a pretreatment with cream or lotion was investigated in 18 volunteers who were examined before and after swimming, using the established combination of the tape stripping procedure and UV/VIS spectroscopy. It was shown that a cosmetic skin pretreatment affects neither filter homogeneity nor effective UV protection prior to water contact. However, compared to nonpretreated skin, a considerable loss of water resistance is caused. Therefore, using a cream or lotion before application of sunscreens is not to be recommended.

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“…For this procedure the nanoparticles were harvested from a 4.48-cm 2 tape area and dissolved from the tape with 5 ml HNO 3 at 7 bar using a microwave. Thereafter, the nanoparticles were quantified using an EX 1000 X-ray spectrometer (IUT GmbH, Berlin, Germany) [21,22]. The penetration of the tested substances is represented in a penetration profile graphic.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photoprotective Properties of the Fluorescent Europium Complex in UV-Irradiated Skin

Vogt

Lademann²,

Rancan³

et al. 2013

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

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In this study, we compared the UV-protective abilities of the europium complex compared to titanium dioxide, which represents the most common physical filter for ultraviolet light in the broad-band spectral range. The UV absorption and light transformative capacities of the europium complex were evaluated using a spectrometer with a double-integrating sphere showing that the europium complex does not only absorb and reflect UV light, but transforms it into red and infrared light. It was found that the europium complex binds to the surface of Jurkat cells in vitro. Cells incubated with the europium complex showed a significantly higher viability after UVA and UVB irradiation as compared to untreated cells and cells incubated with titanium dioxide pointing out its photoprotective properties. The europium complex and titanium dioxide show similar penetration capacities into the stratum corneum as tested in human and porcine skin using tape stripping analysis. The europium complex has proved to be an efficient UV filter with a low cyto- and phototoxic profile and therefore represents a potential candidate for use in sunscreen formulations.

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Determination of penetration profiles of topically applied substances by means of tape stripping and optical spectroscopy: UV filter substance in sunscreens

Cited by 51 publications

References 16 publications

Internally Modified Halloysite Nanotubes as Inorganic Nanocontainers for a Flame Retardant

Internally Modified Halloysite Nanotubes as Inorganic Nanocontainers for a Flame Retardant

Gain or Loss? Sunscreen Efficiency after Cosmetic Pretreatment of the Skin

Photoprotective Properties of the Fluorescent Europium Complex in UV-Irradiated Skin

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